Grief due to loss of a significant other is a universal experience. However, within a small, but a significant group of individuals, this process can last longer than the culturally expected period, ...and it can be associated with the intense distress, dysfunction, and higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Grief has been observed in the scientific literature as an adaptive reaction to loss, but also as a factor associated with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Previous versions of diagnostic systems, namely DSM-IV and ICD-10, have allocated the phenomenon of prolonged grief as a condition that requires further research, or the condition that requires care. There is a recommendation not to give a diagnosis of a depressive episode because of the normative nature of the reaction to loss. In the new iterations of classification manuals, the ICD-11, this condition is classified as the Prolonged grief disorder. The rationale for change is found in the studies which suggest that this disorder is phenomenologically different from similar states. It aggregates different risk factors and consequences, as well as different treatment solutions. This paper will focus on the criteria of the disorder in the ICD-11 space, researches which mention diagnosis validity, implications, and a broader frame for conceptual and clinical utility of this disorder.
U ovom radu prikazano je istraživanje koje se bavilo pitanjem odnosa kreativnosti i psihopatologije. Polazna osnova istraživanja bile su postavke modela zajedničke vulnerabilnosti, koji odnos između ...kreativnosti i psihičkog poremećaja objašnjava uz pomoć tri grupe varijabli: a) protektivnih faktora (visoka inteligencija, dobar kapaciteti radne memorije i visoka kognitivna fleksibilnost), b) riziko-faktora (slabije intelektualno funkcionisanje, niži kapacitet radne memorije i manja kognitivna fleksibilnost) i c) faktora zajedničke vulnerabilnosti (snižena latentna inhibicija, otvorenost ka novinama i hiperkonektivnost koja se ogleda u tendenciji ka sinestetskim iskustvima). Istraživanje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 151 ispitanika, starosti od 18 do 22 godine. Primenjeni su zadaci iz Instrumenta za ispitivanje divergentne produkcije, upitnik prisustva psihopatoloških simptoma CORE-OM, Ravenove progresivne matrice za napredne (set II), skala Otvorenosti prema iskustvu iz Inventara velikih pet (BFI), adaptirana verzija Testa pravljenja traga (TMT) i suptest Šifra iz VITI-a. U svrhu ovog istraživanja konstruisani su i instrumenti za merenje tendencije ka sinestetskim iskustvima i latentne inhibicije. Sprovedene su dve hijerarhijske regresione analize, a rezultati su pokazali da se kao značajni prediktori kreativnosti ističu Otvorenost prema iskustvu, tendencija ka sinestetskim iskustvima i u negativnom smeru latentna inhibicija, dok se kao marginalno značajan prediktor ističe efikasnost radne memorije. Kao značajan prediktor psihopatologije izdvojila se sklonost ka sinestetskim iskustvima, dok se kao marginalno značajan prediktor u negativnom smeru izdvaja radna memorija. Rezultati delimično pružaju podršku postavkama modela zajedničke vulnerabilnosti, ali otvaraju i neka nova pitanja vezana za eventualno proširivanje modela i buduća istraživanja u ovoj oblasti.
Using network analysis, we compared the BDI-II symptom groupings (i.e., communities), the ability of individual symptoms to associate with the others (i.e., centrality), the global strength of these ...associations, and the bridge symptoms that connect the communities in a sample of 279 depression patients (Mage = 49.9, SDage = 11.2) and in a non-clinical sample of 327 students (BDI-II score less than 19, Mage = 21.05, SDage = 1.82). The network of patients showed higher density, three communities (i.e., cognitive, affective-vegetative, and anhedonia-low energy), with sadness as the central and the strongest bridge symptom. The network of students was less consolidated, had unstable, and uninterpretable communities, with worthlessness as the central symptom, which was the strongest bridge among the communities. This study suggests some qualitative differences between depression symptoms in clinical and non-clinical populations, which manifest in their different places in networks.
Comorbidity between depression and anxiety is well‐established across various settings and cultures. We approached comorbidity from the network psychopathology perspective and examined the ...depression, anxiety/autonomic arousal and stress/tension symptoms in naturalistic clinical samples from Serbia, Italy and Croatia. This was a multisite study in which regularized partial correlation networks of the symptoms, obtained via self‐reports on the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales‐21 (DASS‐21) in three cross‐cultural, clinical samples (total N = 874), were compared with respect to centrality, edge weights, community structure and bridge centrality. A moderate degree of similarity in a number of network indices across the three networks was observed. While negative mood emerged to be the most central node, stress/tension nodes were the most likely bridge symptoms between depressive and anxiety/autonomic arousal symptoms. We demonstrated that the network structure and features in mixed clinical samples were similar across three different languages and cultures. The symptoms such as agitation, restlessness and inability to relax functioned as bridges across the three symptom communities explored in this study. Important theoretical and clinical implications were derived.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
There have been debates about the dimensionality of the Beck’s Depression Inventory - II, its appropriate scoring, and gender-related measurement invariance. We addressed these questions employing ...the Item Response Theory approach in a clinical sample of 288 patients, using a Serbian version of the BDI-II. We tested nine structural models using confirmatory Full Information Factor Analysis and IRT Graded Response Model. We concluded that the BDI-II is essentially unidimensional. All items had high discrimination, and the test was most informative in the medium range of depression severity in the clinical sample. Although small to medium gender related differential item functioning existed in several items, it did not affect the total score. Hence, the total score of the Serbian translation of the BDI-II is comparable between genders as a measure of severity of depression.
This study explored several, latent factor models of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales–21 (DASS–21) using both a sample of clinically depressed patients and a Facebook sample from Serbia. The ...DASS–21, the Beck Depression Inventory–II, and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory–Trait were administered to a sample of depressed individuals (N = 296; Mage = 52.21, SDage = 11.56). A Facebook sample (N = 376; Mage =29.12, SD = 8.96) completed the DASS–21 only. A bifactor model with one general distress (G) and two specific factors (Depression and Anxiety) were supported. The three factors had high omega coefficients, whereas omega hierarchical for Depression and Anxiety were low. Based on all evidence from our study, external validation, factor determinacy, and replicability, we concluded that the Serbian version of the DASS–21 assesses reliably general distress and anhedonia in both people with the clinical level of severity of distress and in general population. The Anxiety subscale can be safely used in clinical settings when one wishes to assess individuals presenting with a mixture of distress and anxious arousal. However, until further validation support is provided, we do not recommend use of this scale when the task is to estimate precisely anxious arousal only. The Stress subscale assesses general distress only. Low omega hierarchical coefficients of the Depression and Anxiety subscales could be addressed by reselecting their items from the initial item pool, based on which the DASS–21 was created, using those with substantial loadings on both the G and their respective group factors.
The purpose of this pilot study was to test the efficacy of a novel self-help program called Attention training (AT) based on the mindfulness-acceptance principles in a sample of dysphoric students. ...We tried to determine if the program: a) contributed to immediate and follow-up changes in the presumed components and mechanisms of mindfulness-acceptance - psychological flexibility, attention control (switching and updating), and rumination; b) was followed by a reduction in dysphoric symptoms; c) had different effects depending on a different order of exercises within AT. The final sample consists of 18 students from the University of Novi Sad, 19-29 years old with mild and moderate depression (selected through pre-screening procedure). Data were collected at 4 measurement occasions: before the first group meeting (pretest), right after completion of all exercises (posttest), and two follow-ups - one and three months post-treatment. AT consisted of 8 small-group, weekly meetings (up to 5 persons and < 90 minutes of overall therapist support). Participants listened to the audio-recorded exercises that targeted the somatic, emotional, and cognitive domains. The sample was randomly split into two groups with a different order of the emotional and cognitive exercises. We found that AT, as a self-help intervention, can potentially lead to improvements in the mindfulness components and mechanisms, even though an increase in the depressive symptoms was noticed. Different explanations were provided for such findings, including suggestions for further optimization of the program and recommendations for further research.
Cilj rada je da se ukaže na mogućnosti upotrebe ROC krive (engl. receiver operating characteristic curve) za utvrđivanje klasifikatornih mogućnosti testa. Objašnjeni su pojmovi senzitivnosti i ...specifičnosti koje leže u osnovi izrade ROC krive, a data su tumačenja i formule i za izračunavanje pozitivne i negativne prediktivne vrednosti, kao i tačnosti testa. ROC kriva je grafički prikaz senzitivnosti i specifičnosti za svaki mogući granični skor (rezultat na testu) u koordinatnom sistemu gde su na ordinati prikazane vrednosti senzitivnosti, a na apscisi vrednosti specifičnosti oduzete od 1. Objašnjeno je kako se na osnovu krive iz tabele svih vrednosti senzitivnosti i specifičnosti može odrediti optimalan granični skor za neki test ili za potrebe klasifikovanja druge vrste. Pokazano je kako se u statističkom programu SPSS unose podaci i analiziraju dobijeni rezultati ROC analize. Takođe su ponuđeni i drugi programi i paketi koji omogućavaju ovu analizu sa brojnim dodatnim mogućnostima. Na kraju je ukazano na rezultate istraživanja u okviru kliničke psihologije koji su utemeljeni na ROC analizi i karakteristikama testa, odnosno klasifikacije na kojima je ova analiza utemeljena.
The Ruminative Thought Scale (RTS) was developed to measure the ruminative thinking style, presumably common to various psychopathological disorders. However, prior factor-analytic research was ...inconclusive regarding unidimensionality versus multidimensionality of the RTS. The present study was conducted on a large, heterogeneous Serbian sample (N = 838). A subsample was retested 6 months later providing information about symptoms of depression and various anxiety symptoms. Results showed that a bifactor model of the RTS (representing one general and four group factors) had a better fit than the second-order and one-factor models. The subscale scores were not prospective predictors of symptoms of depression and anxiety, over and above the contribution of the total score. The RTS is a reliable transdiagnostic measure of repetitive thinking. Although there is some clustering of more homogeneous items, there is not enough evidence to support interpretation of the subscales.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Prema uticajnoj Bentalovoj teoriji persekutvnog mišljenje, osobe sa ovom vrstom ideja izbegavaju negativna uverenja o sebi tako što negativne događaje objašnjavaju kao namerno počinjene od strane ...drugih ljudi (koriste spoljašnje personalne atribucije). Cilj ovog istraživanja jeste provera ovih bazičnih hipoteza Bentalove teorije i utvrđivanje odnosa između paranoidnosti, personalnog atribuiranja negativnih događaja i raskoraka između Aktuelnog, Idealnog i Primoravajućeg self-koncepta. Na uzorku od 150 studenata, oba pola, primenjeni su sledeći instrumenti: Feningšatjnova skala paranoidnosti, Bentalova skala atribucionog stila i Higinsov upitnik selfa. Urađena je analiza glavnih komponenti upitnika paranoidnosti i izolovana su četiri faktora: Hipersenzitivnost, Ogorčenost, Akuzacije i Socijalna anksioznost. Linearne korelacije su ukazale na nisku ali značajnu vezu Hipersenzitivnosti i Ogorčenosti sa diskrepancom Aktuelnog i Idealnog selfa, kao i Ogorčenosti sa diskrepancom Aktuelnog i Primoravajućeg selfa. MANCOVA sa jednim faktorom između subjekata (grupe visoko i nisko sklonih personalnim atribucijama za negativne događaje), jednim faktorom unutar subjekata (četiri dimenzije paranoidnosti) i self-diskrepancama kao kovarijatima potvrdila je pozitivnu vezu između diskrepance Aktuelnog i Idealnog selfa i Hipersenzitiovnosti. Značajna interakcija efekata između i unutar subjekata ukazala je da subjekti skloni personalnom atribuiranju postižu viši skor na dimenziji paranoidnosti – Akuzacije, a oni sa niskom sklonošću ka ovakvom atribuiranju u većoj su meri socijalno anksiozni. Rezultati su diskutovani u svetlu aktuelnih teorija paranoidnosti.
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