Abstract
An overview of the electronics readout/trigger architecture for the CMS HGCAL will be given. To respond to physics performance requirements, data rates, trigger-primitive generation and ...radiation tolerance has been extremely challenging. Each HGCAL endcap includes ∼300 m
2
of active silicon in 50 layers, with a largely inhomogenous layout with limited commonality between layers. An agile, python-based counting scheme was implemented that creates tables of component counts. These are subsequently incorporated in the architecture specifications document and costbook, providing critical input to the mechanical design and integration optimisation.
Heterosis is defined as increased performance of the F1 hybrid relative to its parents. In the current study, a cohort of populations and parents were created to evaluate and understand heterosis ...across generations (i.e., F1 to F3) in lentil, a self-pollinated annual diploid (2n = 2× = 14) crop species. Lentil plants were evaluated for heterotic traits in terms of plant height, biomass fresh weight, seed number, yield per plant and 100 grain weight. A total of 47 selected lentil genotypes were cross hybridized to generate 72 F1 hybrids. The F1 hybrids from the top five crosses exhibited between 31%-62% heterosis for seed number with reference to the better parent. The five best performing heterotic crosses were selected with a negative control for evaluation at the subsequent F2 generation and only the tails of the distribution taken forward to be assessed in the F3 generation as a sub selection. Overall, heterosis decreases across the subsequent generations for all traits studied. However, some individual genotypes were identified at the F2 and sub-selected F3 generations with higher levels of heterosis than the best F1 mean value (hybrid mimics). The phenotypic data for the selected F2 and sub selected F3 hybrids were analysed, and the study suggested that 100 grain weight was the biggest driver of yield followed by seed number. A genetic diversity analysis of all the F1 parents failed to correlate genetic distance and divergence among parents with heterotic F1's. Therefore, genetic distance was not a key factor to determine heterosis in lentil. The study highlights the challenges associated with different breeding systems for heterosis (i.e., F1 hybrid-based breeding systems and/or via hybrid mimics) but demonstrates the potential significant gains that could be achieved in lentil productivity.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
TDCpix pixel detector ASIC with 100 ps time stamping Rinella, G. Aglieri; Bonacini, S.; Jarron, P. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
08/2023, Volume:
1053
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The TDCpix pixel read-out ASIC contains 1800 pixels arranged in 40 columns and 45 rows with the dimension of 300μm x 300μm. Each pixel contains a preamplifier and shaper circuit with a dynamic range ...of 0.8 to 10 fC and a rise time of 5 ns, followed by a Leading-Edge discriminator with Time-over-Threshold correction. The discriminator outputs of each pixel are connected to time-to-digital converters (TDC) measuring the time when the input signal has exceeded the threshold and the pulse width with a binning of 97 ps. The electronics noise of pre-amplifier/shaper is 170 e− or 2.7 mV rms with a gain of 65 mV/fC. The jitter of the entire processing chain for an electrical input signal of 2.4 fC is lower than 60 ps rms. The ASIC has been designed to work in radiated environments of 6 * 104 Gray per year and 2 x 1014 1 MeV neutron equivalent cm−2.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This manuscript describes the optimization of the front-end readout electronics for high granularity hybrid pixel detectors. The theoretical study aims at minimizing the noise and jitter. The model ...presented here is validated with both circuit post layout simulations and measurements on the Timepix4 Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). The analog front-end circuit and the procedure to optimize the dimensions of the main transistors are described with detail.
The Timepix4 is the most recent ASIC designed in the framework of the Medipix4 Collaboration. It was manufactured in 65nm CMOS process, and consists of a four side buttable matrix of 448 × 512 pixels with 55µm pitch. The analog front-end has a gain of ∼36mV/ke- when configured in High Gain Mode, and ∼20mV/ke- when configured in Low Gain Mode. The Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) is ∼68e-rms and ∼80e-rms in High Gain Mode and in Low Gain Mode respectively. In event driven mode the incoming hits can be time stamped within a ∼ 200ps time bin and the chip can deal with a maximum flux of ∼ 3.6MHzmm−2s−1. In photon counting mode, the chip can deal with up to ∼ 5GHzmm−2s−1.
The routine designed to optimize the Timepix4 front-end is then used to analyze the performance limits in terms of jitter and noise for Charge Sensitive Amplifiers in pixel detectors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract For optimal operations in the high radiation and pileup environment of the HL-LHC, the CMS-HGCAL requires precise timing information at the level of 30 ps (RMS) for a particle shower. The ...time measurement in silicon detector modules is performed using a per-channel time-of-arrival discriminator coupled with charge measurement to correct for the time-walk. The module design includes access holes in the PCB and in the sensor passivation to enable infrared laser light to be injected directly into the sensor cells. We present the calibration and timing-in of the system used to perform measurements.
The main objectives of the present study were to assess the water demand for heavy fruit load of ‘Hass’ avocado throughout the growth periods and to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation ...during sensitive phenological phases on yield. The experimental set-up allowed the comparison between trees responses to three irrigation strategies during the entire growth period (no water stress; excessive irrigation; constant water stress) as well as the comparison between regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) managements applied during the early or the late growth period. The yield of no water stress treatments during three experimental years was very high (25–31 t ha
−1
) while the yields of water-stressed trees were significantly lower (16–21 t ha
−1
). More importantly, the yield of no water stress trees was not susceptible to alternate bearing while the yield of water-stressed trees was considerably reduced during off-crop years. Irrigation rates and the actual evapotranspiration coefficient
K
L
= ET/ET
0
for the no water stress treatment may serve as a reasonable guide for irrigation management. Fruit load should be taken into account while planning irrigation and fertilization management and plant-based methods should be used for controlling the irrigation management (scheduling and quantities). Analyses of trunk diameter variation data that lead to evaluation of trunk growth rate and maximum daily shrinkage reflect phenological stages and periodicity of shoot, fruit and root growth, and also may provide an integrative, “holistic viewpoint” of overall tree status.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
We present the development of a front end amplifier and discriminator circuit implemented in two successive nodes of commercial CMOS process, namely 90 nm and 130 nm. The aim of this work is ...two-fold, firstly to examine new technology features such as increased transconductance and transit frequency f_{t} resulting in higher speed at lower power consumption, and secondly to prototype a novel front end architecture developed to maintain high dynamic range and open loop gain in the presence of the degradation of intrinsic transistor gain and low supply voltage accompanying the scaling of CMOS processes. The circuits are intended to work with silicon strip detectors of moderate length. Although both versions are optimized for 5 pF input capacitance, the input stage of 130 nm front end can be biased with a current allowing for readout of detectors with capacitances of the order of 10 pF. Special attention has been given to the comparison of noise performance and matching of the channel gain and discriminator offsets. Although both versions show good basic analog performance in terms of speed and gain, an appreciable difference in the channel-to-channel matching and the noise figures is measured. The ENC performance of 130 nm version of the amplifier follows theoretical predictions confirming no excess noise for the devices used, whilst the noise performance of the 90 nm version is noticeably worse. Looking at the difference in noise performance between the two designs, the 130 nm process is better understood and is thus a more appropriate choice for the current upgrade project. As a consequence, the presented 130 nm design will form the core of the ABC130 chip for the ATLAS SCT upgrade.
The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of different irrigation levels at different phenological stages on fruit yield, fruit size, vegetative growth, and subsequent season crop ...yield of mango trees growing in sub-tropical weather conditions. Three independent experiments were conducted in parallel in three phenological stages: main fruit growth (MFG)—from fruit set to pit hardening; final fruit growth (FFG)—from pit hardening up to harvest; and post-harvest (PH)—after harvest until the first meaningful rain. Each experiment was consisted of four irrigation levels that were determined as crop coefficients of Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration. Differential irrigation levels were applied in each phenological stage, where commercial irrigation levels were applied in the rest of the season. Crop yield in the MFG stage was unaffected by the irrigation treatments. The number of fruit in the MFG stage increased slightly with increasing water quantities. Average fruit size in the MFG stage decreased with increasing the number of fruit per tree, indicating that the number of fruit rather than irrigation regime is the main determinant of the final fruit size. The number of fruit per tree in the FFG stage was unaffected by the lowest irrigation treatment; however, the same treatment had the lowest fruit size, significant only in 2013. Post-harvest shoot growth in the FFG stage experiment increased with irrigation level (significant in 2013), indicating that water stress in the FFG stage had a carryover effect. The crop yield in the PH stage increased with increasing irrigation rate in the former season, significant in 2011 and 2013. The higher yields in the high irrigation treatments in the PH stage were associated with larger fruit size. The number of post-harvest vegetative flashes increased with increasing crop coefficient (
K
c
) in the PH stage in the same season, except for the 2011. Crop yield in the PH stage increased with increasing number of post-harvest vegetative flashes in the former season. The results obtained in the current study indicate that the mango in Israel is sensitive to deficit irrigation in both the FFG in an “ON” season and in the PH stage towards an “ON” season.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress in Australian lentil-producing areas. It is therefore imperative to identify genetic variation for salt tolerance in order to develop lentil varieties suitable ...for saline soils. Conventional screening methods include the manual assessment of stress symptoms, which can be very laborious, time-consuming, and error-prone. Recent advances in image-based high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) technologies have provided unparalleled opportunities to screen plants for a range of stresses, such as salt toxicity. The current study describes the development and application of an HTP method for salt toxicity screening in lentils. In a pilot study, six lentil genotypes were evaluated to determine the optimal salt level and the growth stage for distinguishing lentil genotypes using red–green–blue (RGB) images on a LemnaTec Scanalyzer 3D phenomics platform. The optimized protocol was then applied to screen 276 accessions that were also assessed earlier in a conventional phenotypic screen. Detailed phenotypic trait assessments, including plant growth and green/non-green color pixels, were made and correlated to the conventional screen (r = 0.55; p < 0.0001). These findings demonstrated the improved efficacy of an image-based phenotyping approach that is high-throughput, efficient, and better suited to modern breeding programs.
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