Abstract
Background
Previous studies have shown the associations between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and vasospastic angina (VSA). However the characteristics of SDB related to VSA have been ...unknown.
Purpose
We investigate the characteristics of SDB in VSA patients, with focus on the role of nocturnal hypoxemia, which may trigger nocturnal ischemic attacks, typical attacks occurred during sleep in early morning.
Methods
We studied 33 patients who were diagnosed with VSA, based on diagnostic algorithm in the Japanese Circulation Society guidelines 2013 for VSA. All patients underwent polysomnography. Twenty one patients with moderate-severe SDB apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of at least 15/hour diagnosed with polysomnography, but without cardiovascular diseases, were served as controls.
Results
Only 3 patients with VSA were free of SDB (AHI less than 5/hour). Moderate to severe SDB was found in 25 of 33 patients with VSA. These 25 patients were further studied. Daytime sleepiness assessed by the Epworth sleepiness scale, was lower in SDB patients with VSA than those without it (4.8±4.2 vs. 8.9±4.0; p=0.02). There were no differences in AHI between SDB patients with and without VSA (41.2±17.2/hour vs. 39.9±14.4/hour), but hypoxemic burden (time with oxygen saturation <90%) was higher in those with VSA than those without it (median 20.7minitutes, interquartile range 6.4–48.0minitues) vs. median 5.9minitutes, interquartile range 3.9–11.0minitues); p=0.01. In VSA patients, 39% of hypoxemia was observed in rapid eye movement (REM) periods of sleep, which accounts for only 18% of total sleep.
Conclusions
A high prevalence of moderate-severe SDB was found in VSA patient, although the symptoms were mild. Hypoxemia is a characteristic of SDB associated with VSA, which may be a target for therapeutic intervention in addition to drug therapy.
OBJECTIVE:The cornea is the target of most surgeries for refractive disorders, as myopia. It is estimated that almost 1 million patients undergo corneal refractive surgery each year in the United ...States. Refractive surgery includes photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) that produces intense postoperative pain. This review presents the main pain mechanisms behind PRK-related pain and the available therapeutic options for its management.
METHODS:Data sources included literature of cornea anatomy, treatment of PRK postoperative pain, mechanisms of corneal pain, in 3 electronic databasesPubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Only double-blinded controlled trials on pain control after PRK were selected to show the endpoints, treatment, and control strategies.
RESULTS:A total of 18 double-blind, controlled trials were identified. These studies have shown the use of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, topical steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, systemic analgesics, cold balanced saline solution, topical anesthetic, gabapentin, and morphine to treat postoperative pain in PRK.
DISCUSSION:The percentage of responders has seldom been reported, and few studies allow for the formal calculation of the number necessary to treat. Postoperative intense pain after PRK laser surgery remains the main challenge to its widespread use for the correction of refractive errors.
To date, the Asia Cancer Forum has focused its efforts on creating a common concept for collaborative efforts in international cancer research with a focus on Asia, where cancer incidence is rising ...dramatically, and also sharing information and knowledge among cancer specialists about the importance of cancer as a global health agenda issue. The Eighth Asia Cancer Forum was held following the historic outcome of the High-level Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases held in New York in September 2011, at which cancer was duly recognized as a global health agenda issue. Despite this significant development, however, the issue of cancer, one of the most intractable of all non-communicable diseases, still faces a variety of challenges if it is to be addressed on the global level. The Eighth Asia Cancer Forum sought to address these various issues, seeking ways to capitalize on the outcomes of the UN Meeting and take global collaborative studies and alliances in the field of cancer further. It was recognized that one of the main challenges for the Asia Cancer Forum is to formulate a proposal that demonstrates how middle-income countries can provide a good level of care using only their own limited medical resources. Given that the Asia Cancer Forum is one of the organizations that can provide assistance in working to further boost awareness about cancer research and the situation relating to cancer in Asian countries, discussion also focused on how to concretize activities in the future.
To evaluate iodine intake in Japanese infants, iodine contents were determined in both commercial and homemade baby food samples consumed in Japan. Fifty-three samples of commercial bottled or retort ...baby food and 25 samples of homemade baby food for one day were collected and their iodine contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after an extraction with 0.5% tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Among the commercial baby food samples, 35 samples showed low iodine values (< 50 ng/g wet weight), while 8 samples showed markedly high iodine values (> 1000 ng/g wet weight). Significantly higher iodine values were observed in 15 samples composed of dishes cooked using kombu (a kind of kelp) than other samples. Among the homemade baby food samples, 12 samples brought very low iodine intake (< 1- 24 μg/d), while 5 samples brought very high iodine intake (283-978 μg/d). These results indicate that intermittent high iodine baby food including dishes cooked using kombu contributes to sufficient iodine intake in Japanese infants.
Although good gate oxide of SiO
2 is usually formed by high-temperature thermal oxidation, lowering the temperature for formation of SiO
2 is mandatory for future Si VLSIs, in particular, for ...flexible ICs, the demand for which has been increasing every year. Vacuum evaporation of SiO powder is an ideal technique not only to form oxide at low temperature but also to form an abrupt interface with the substrate. The latter feature of evaporation is suitable to form thin gate oxide for Si MOSFETs and gate oxide on compound semiconductors. High-quality SiO
2 on compound semiconductors helps development of MOSFETs made of compound semiconductors, which were longed for to be commercially available. The evaporation is not much used to form SiO
2 for MOSFETs in spite of its many advantages, because quality of SiO
2 formed by evaporation of SiO is too poor to be used as gate oxide. Unlike the commercial SiO powder, the newly developed SiO nanopowder, made by thermal CVD using SiH
4 and O
2, consists of spherical particles with sizes less than 50
nm. It does not contain any Si nanocrystals but small molecular Si networks. Such molecular Si networks are easily thermally or optically decomposed. This makes the deposited oxide more free from Si nanocrystals, which usually degrade the insulating property of the oxide. The SiO
2 thin films formed by evaporation of the SiO nanopowder have demonstrated great potential for application to MOSFETs on plastic substrates and GaN epilayers.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
To clarify the physiological roles of CD36 as an oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) receptor, we analyzed the monocyte-derived macrophages from normal and two CD36-deficient subjects, since we ...identified the molecular abnormalities (Kashiwagi, H., Y. Tomiyama, Y. Kosugi, M. Shiraga, R. H. Lipsky, Y. Kanayama, Y. Kurata, and Y. Matsuzawa 1994. Blood. 83:3545-3552; and Kashiwagi, H., Y. Tomiyama, S. Honda, S. Kosugi, M. Shiraga, N. Nagao, S. Sekiguchi, Y. Kanayama, Y. Kurata, and Y. Matsuzawa. 1995. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1040-1046). Scatchard analysis of 125I-OxLDL binding showed a linear plot and the maximum binding was lower by approximately 40% in the macrophages from subjects with CD36 deficiency than those from normal controls. Competition studies showed that the uptake of 125I-OxLDL was suppressed by OKM5, an antibody against CD36, by 53% in normal control macrophages, but not in the CD36-deficient macrophages. After incubation with OxLDL for 24 h, cholesteryl ester mass accumulation was reduced by approximately 40% in the macrophages from CD36-deficient subjects than those from normal controls. These results suggest that CD36 is one of the physiological receptors for OxLDL. Since specific binding of OxLDL was only reduced by approximately 40% in spite of the complete deficiency of CD36, several other receptors also may have some role in OxLDL uptake. Further studies will be needed to assess the quantitative role of CD36 in foam cell formation in vivo.
CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) with good crystallinity were successfully grown by an electrochemical deposition technique using two different single stranded (ss) DNA molecules, poly G (30) and poly C (30) ...as templates. A model describing the structural ordering in CdSe NCs using ssDNA and its conjugate is being proposed. TEM and GXRD measurements confirm the structural ordering in NC CdSe–DNA systems. FTIR measurements confirm the tagging of DNA to CdSe NC. Micro Raman scattering of structurally ordered CdSe NCs show strong phonon confinement.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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