Purpose For over 30 years, the place of consolidation high-dose chemotherapy in Ewing sarcoma (ES) has been controversial. A randomized study was conducted to determine whether consolidation ...high-dose chemotherapy improved survival in patients with localized ES at high risk for relapse. Methods Randomization between busulfan and melphalan (BuMel) or standard chemotherapy (vincristine, dactinomycin, and ifosfamide VAI, seven courses) was offered to patients if they were younger than 50 years of age with poor histologic response (≥ 10% viable cells) after receiving vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide (six courses); or had a tumor volume at diagnosis ≥ 200 mL if unresected, or initially resected, or resected after radiotherapy. A 15% improvement in 3-year event-free survival (EFS) was sought (hazard ratio HR, 0.60). Results Between 2000 and 2015, 240 patients classified as high risk (median age, 17.1 years) were randomly assigned to VAI (n = 118) or BuMel (n = 122). Seventy-eight percent entered the trial because of poor histologic response after chemotherapy alone. Median follow-up was 7.8 years. In an intent-to-treat analysis, the risk of event was significantly decreased by BuMel compared with VAI: HR, 0.64 (95% CI, 0.43 to 0.95; P = .026); 3- and 8-year EFS were, respectively, 69.0% (95% CI, 60.2% to 76.6%) versus 56.7% (95% CI, 47.6% to 65.4%) and 60.7% (95% CI, 51.1% to 69.6%) versus 47.1% (95% CI, 37.7% to 56.8%). Overall survival (OS) also favored BuMel: HR, 0.63 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.95; P = .028); 3- and 8-year OS were, respectively, 78.0% (95% CI, 69.6% to 84.5%) versus 72.2% (95% CI, 63.3% to 79.6%) and 64.5% (95% CI, 54.4% to 73.5%) versus 55.6% (95% CI, 45.8% to 65.1%). Results were consistent in the sensitivity analysis. Two patients died as a result of BuMel-related toxicity, one after standard chemotherapy. Significantly more BuMel patients experienced severe acute toxicities from this course of chemotherapy compared with multiple VAI courses. Conclusion BuMel improved EFS and OS when given after vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide induction in localized ES with predefined high-risk factors. For this group of patients, BuMel may be an important addition to the standard of care.
Ewing sarcoma is a primary bone tumor initiated by EWSR1-ETS gene fusions. To identify secondary genetic lesions that contribute to tumor progression, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 112 ...Ewing sarcoma samples and matched germline DNA. Overall, Ewing sarcoma tumors had relatively few single-nucleotide variants, indels, structural variants, and copy-number alterations. Apart from whole chromosome arm copy-number changes, the most common somatic mutations were detected in STAG2 (17%), CDKN2A (12%), TP53 (7%), EZH2, BCOR, and ZMYM3 (2.7% each). Strikingly, STAG2 mutations and CDKN2A deletions were mutually exclusive, as confirmed in Ewing sarcoma cell lines. In an expanded cohort of 299 patients with clinical data, we discovered that STAG2 and TP53 mutations are often concurrent and are associated with poor outcome. Finally, we detected subclonal STAG2 mutations in diagnostic tumors and expansion of STAG2-immunonegative cells in relapsed tumors as compared with matched diagnostic samples.
Whole-genome sequencing reveals that the somatic mutation rate in Ewing sarcoma is low. Tumors that harbor STAG2 and TP53 mutations have a particularly dismal prognosis with current treatments and require alternative therapies. Novel drugs that target epigenetic regulators may constitute viable therapeutic strategies in a subset of patients with mutations in chromatin modifiers.
Relative efficacy and toxicity of cyclophosphamide compared with ifosfamide are debatable. The Euro-EWING99-R1 trial asked whether cyclophosphamide may replace ifosfamide in combination with ...vincristine and dactinomycin (vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide VAC v vincristine, dactinomycin, and ifosfamide VAI) after an intensive induction chemotherapy containing vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide (VIDE) in standard-risk localized disease (NCT00020566).
Standard-risk Ewing sarcomas were localized tumors with either a good histologic response to chemotherapy (< 10% cells) or small tumors (< 200 mL) resected at diagnosis or receiving radiotherapy alone as local treatment. Patients entered the trial after six VIDE+1 VAI courses. Allocated treatment was either 7 VAC courses with 1.5 g/m(2) of cyclophosphamide or seven VAI-courses with 6 g/m(2) ifosfamide. The limit of noninferiority was set at -8.5% for the 3-year event-free survival rate (EFS), equivalent to 1.43 in terms of the hazard ratio of event (HR(event)).
This large international trial recruited 856 patients between February 2000 and March 2010 (n = 431 receiving VAC and n = 425 receiving VAI). With a median follow-up of 5.9 years, the 3-year EFSs were 75.4% and 78.2%, respectively, the 3-year EFS difference was -2.8% (91.4% CI, -7.8 to 2.2%), the HR(event) was 1.12 (91.4% CI, 0.89 to 1.41), and the HR(death) was 1.09 (91.4% CI, 0.84 to 1.42; intention-to-treat). The HR(event) was 1.22 (91.4% CI, 0.96 to 1.54) on the per-protocol population. Major treatment modifications were significantly less frequent in the VAC arm (< 1%) than in the VAI arm (7%), mainly resulting from toxicity. Patients experienced more frequent thrombocytopenia in the VAC arm (45% v 35%) but fewer grade 2 to 4 acute tubular toxicities (16% v 31%).
Cyclophosphamide may be able to replace ifosfamide in consolidation treatment of standard-risk Ewing sarcoma. However, some uncertainty surrounding the noninferiority of VAC compared with VAI remains at this stage. The ongoing comparative evaluation of long-term renal and gonadal toxicity is crucial to decisions regarding future patients.
The time to diagnosis (TtD) of Ewing tumors is one of the longest among pediatric tumors. Its precise consequences, however, have not been studied well. We analyzed the distribution of TtD for Ewing ...tumors in children and adolescents and its association with clinical features, tumor characteristics, surgical outcome, and long-term survival.
We analyzed prospectively collected data from two multicenter clinical trials of patients younger than 21 years old who had Ewing bone tumors treated in France between 1988 and 2000. Clinical and tumoral features, TtD, and outcome associations were studied by univariable and multivariable analyses.
The median TtD for the 436 patients was 70 days (interquartile range, 27 to 146 days), with no significant decrease during the study period (P > .2). The factors associated with long TtD were older age and some tumor sites (pelvis, extremities of limbs). Increased tumor volume and decreased histologic response to chemotherapy were associated with long TtD on univariable analysis (P < .05) but not after adjustment. Presence of a nerve or spinal-cord compression at diagnosis, presence or site of metastasis, surgical treatment, mutilating surgery, complete resection, or survival were not associated with TtD.
TtD of Ewing tumors was long, especially for adolescents and for certain tumor sites, and did not improve over time. But TtD was not associated with metastasis, surgical outcome, or survival. These findings could be used to comfort parents at diagnosis and in expert testimony produced for malpractice claims.
The R2Pulm trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of busulfan-melphalan high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue (BuMel) without whole-lung irradiation (WLI) on event-free survival ...(main end point) and overall survival, compared with standard chemotherapy with WLI in Ewing sarcoma (ES) presenting with pulmonary and/or pleural metastases.
From 2000 to 2015, we enrolled patients younger than 50 years of age with newly diagnosed ES and with only pulmonary or pleural metastases. Patients received chemotherapy with six courses of vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide (VIDE) and one course of vincristine, dactinomycin, and ifosfamide (VAI) before either BuMel or seven courses of VAI and WLI (VAI plus WLI) by randomized assignment. The analysis was conducted as intention to treat. The estimates of the hazard ratio (HR), 95% CI, and
value were corrected for the three previous interim analyses by the inverse normal method.
Of 543 potentially eligible patients, 287 were randomly assigned to VAI plus WLI (n = 143) or BuMel (n = 144). Selected patients requiring radiotherapy to an axial primary site were excluded from randomization to avoid excess organ toxicity from interaction between radiotherapy and busulfan. Median follow-up was 8.1 years. We did not observe any significant difference in survival outcomes between treatment groups. Event-free survival was 50.6% versus 56.6% at 3 years and 43.1% versus 52.9% at 8 years, for VAI plus WLI and BuMel patients, respectively, resulting in an HR of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.56 to 1.10;
= .16). For overall survival, the HR was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.70 to 1.44;
= .99). Four patients died as a result of BuMel-related toxicity, and none died after VAI plus WLI. Significantly more patients in the BuMel arm experienced severe acute toxicities than in the VAI plus WLI arm.
In ES with pulmonary or pleural metastases, there is no clear benefit from BuMel compared with conventional VAI plus WLI.
To report the results of a conservative multimodal approach in girls with nonmetastatic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the genital tract, treated in International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) ...Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors 84 and 89 protocols.
From 1984 to 1994, 38 girls with RMS of the genital tract (vulva, vagina, uterus) were treated in SIOP protocols. With the exception of patients with rare small tumors, which were resected at the start of the studies, all patients received initial chemotherapy (CHT) (ifosfamide, vincristine, and actinomycin D). Local treatment including surgery, brachytherapy (BT), and external-beam radiotherapy (ERT) was given only to girls who did not achieve complete remission (CR) with CHT or who subsequently relapsed.
The primary tumor originated in the vulva or vagina in 27 girls and in the uterus in 11. The overall survival rate (+/- SE) was 91% +/- 6% at 5 years, and the event-free survival rate was 78% +/- 7%. At a median follow-up of 5 years, 30 girls were alive and in first CR and five were alive and in second CR. Four patients treated with complete resection of the tumor at diagnosis received less CHT. Thirteen patients were treated with CHT alone. In 17 patients, local treatment was necessary to achieve complete local control, for a residual mass after initial CHT (10 patients), for viable tumor on biopsy (three patients), or for local relapse (four patients). The local treatment used was radiotherapy (RT) (ERT in three patients, BT in seven), radical surgery with uterine ablation (three patients), RT and radical surgery (three patients), and conservative surgery with RT (one patient).
Girls with nonmetastatic RMS of the genital tract have an excellent prognosis. We found no difference in outcome between uterine and vulvovaginal RMS. Local treatment does not seem necessary in patients who have a complete response to CHT. When a local treatment is needed, BT may be an alternative to radical surgery or ERT.
Abstract Background The role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in Ewing sarcoma (ES) is unclear. We assessed the impact of PORT on local control in patients with localised ES and good histological ...response to chemotherapy (<10% cells). Patients and methods All randomised patients in the EE99-R1 trial (comparing two consolidation chemotherapy regimens) undergoing surgery after induction chemotherapy were included. Local relapse (LR) cumulative incidence was estimated using a competing risk approach. Impact of PORT was assessed in multivariable models, adjusted for country, age, tumour site and volume, quality of resection and histological response. We also evaluated the heterogeneity of PORT effect by patient and tumour characteristics. Results One hundred forty-two (24%) of the 599 patients included from 1999 to 2009 received PORT (median dose: 45 Grays). With median follow-up of 6.2 years, 67 patients had an LR (with concomitant metastases in 28), leading to an 8-year LR-incidence = 11.9% (standard error se = 1.4%). Overall survival (OS) = 21% (se = 5%) 3 years after LR (31% in isolated LR). Controlling for possible confounders, we observed a statistically significant reduction of LR in patients treated by surgery + PORT compared to surgery alone (subdistribution-hazard ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval, 0.21–0.88, p = 0.02). The benefit of PORT was particularly marked for tumours larger than 200 ml at diagnosis and 100% necrosis. We observed a non-significant trend for benefit associated with PORT for disease-free, event-free and OS. Conclusion Radiotherapy appears to improve local control. We now recommend PORT in case of incomplete removal of the tissues involved by the pre-chemotherapy tumour volume. Further studies are required to assess the balance between benefit and risks.
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We evaluated the role of bevacizumab as part of the multi-modality treatment of children and adolescents with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) or non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS).
...Eligible patients aged ≥6 months to <18 years were randomised to receive induction chemotherapy (four cycles of IVADo + five cycles of IVA, ±bevacizumab), surgery and/or radiotherapy, followed by maintenance chemotherapy (12 cycles of low-dose cyclophosphamide + vinorelbine, ±bevacizumab). The primary objective was event-free survival (EFS) evaluated by an independent radiological review committee.
One hundred and fifty-four patients were randomised to receive chemotherapy alone (n = 80) or with bevacizumab (n = 74). At the data cut-off for the primary efficacy analysis, median EFS was 14.9 months (95% confidence interval CI: 10.8–35.9) with chemotherapy and 20.6 months (95% CI: 15.2–24.9) with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy (stratified hazard ratio HR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.61–1.41; P = 0.72). The HR for EFS in patients with RMS (n = 103) was 1.24 (95% CI: 0.73–2.09) versus 0.64 (95% CI: 0.32–1.26) for those with NRSTS (n = 49). Objective response rate was 36.0% (95% CI: 25.2–47.9) with chemotherapy and 54.0% (95% CI: 40.9–66.6) with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy (difference of 18.0%; 95% CI: 0.6–35.3). There were no treatment-related deaths and no increased incidence of grade 3/4 toxicities with bevacizumab.
The addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy appeared tolerable in children and adolescents with metastatic RMS/NRSTS, but the primary end-point of EFS did not show statistically significant improvement.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00643565.
•BERNIE evaluated the role of bevacizumab in childhood/adolescent metastatic soft tissue sarcoma.•The addition of bevacizumab to the chemotherapy backbone appeared tolerable.•The primary end-point of event-free survival did not show statistically significant improvement.•These data do not support the use of bevacizumab in metastatic RMS.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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