•Expert system to analysis and diagnosis of human stress.•Temperature behavior in facial and fingertips was investigated to stress.•Infrared thermography and image processing to automatic recognition ...of the ROI.•Statistical analysis and decision tree to diagnose human stress.•Improvement in the accuracy of the classification and diagnosis in human stress.
Human stress is a physical or emotional feeling. It can come from any situation or thought that makes one feel frustrated or nervous. Different biological manifestations take place in the presence of stress, such as tension, headache, and insomnia. Recent studies have reported that human stress can be related to facial expressions and fingertips due to temperature changes in the skin. Infrared thermography is a non-invasive technology that allows for the monitoring and analysis of human skin temperature. However, many works reported in the literature perform a manual analysis, depending on expert personnel, resulting in considerable human and economic efforts. In addition, the analyses reported to date with thermography are only based on the study of body parts. To reduce the limitations of these methodologies, expert systems have been proposed that simulate the thought process of a human expert to solve decision problems, which may be helpful for people focused on the health and psychology area who do not have expertise in the study of stress. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel expert system based on infrared thermography and thermal analysis of facial skin and fingertips, a rule-based method, and heuristic knowledge to classify and diagnose human stress in undergraduate university students. The system had the support of experts in the study of human stress and was validated in a stress study. The novel expert system was implemented in a local database that consisted of a group of 100 participants, undergraduate university students, of which 70 were stimulated by the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) protocol and 30 were not induced to human stress, obtaining an accuracy in the expert system stress classification of 91.0%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T variants of the ABCB1 gene alter the functioning of P-glycoprotein and the transport of endogenous and exogenous substances across the blood-brain barrier, and act as ...risk factors for some neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to determine the association between demyelinating disease and the C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T variants of ABCB1 and its haplotypes and combinations of genotypes.
Polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) and Sanger sequencing were used to genotype 199 patients with demyelinating disease and 200 controls, all Mexicans of mixed race; frequencies of alleles, genotypes, haplotypes, and genotype combinations were compared between patients and controls. We conducted a logistic regression analysis and calculated chi-square values and 95% confidence intervals (CI); odds ratios (OR) were calculated to evaluate the association with demyelinating disease.
The TTT and CGC haplotypes were most frequent in both patients and controls. The G2677 allele was associated with demyelinating disease (OR: 1.79; 95% CI, 1.12-2.86; P = .015), as were the genotypes GG2677 (OR: 2.72; 95% CI, 1.11-6.68; P = .025) and CC3435 (OR: 1.82; 95% CI, 1.15-2.90; P = .010), the combination GG2677/CC3435 (OR: 2.02; 95% CI, 1.17-3.48; P = .010), and the CAT haplotype (OR: 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05-0.66; P = .001).
TTTTTT carriers presented the earliest age of onset (23.0 ± 7.7 years, vs 31.6 ± 10.7; P = .0001).
The GG2677/CC3435 genotype combination is associated with demyelinating disease in this sample, particularly among men, who may present toxic accumulation of P-glycoprotein substrates. In our study, the G2677 allele of ABCB1 may differentially modulate age of onset of demyelinating disease in men and women.
Las variantes C1236T, G2677T/A y C3435T del gen ABCB1 alteran la función de la Glicoproteína P y el transporte de sustancias endógenas y exógenas en la barrera hemato-encefálica, además actúan como factores de susceptibilidad para algunas enfermedades neurodegenerativas.
El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación de polimorfismos ABCB1 (C1236T, G2677T/A y C3435T), sus haplotipos y sus combinaciones de genotipos con la enfermedad desmielinizante.
Se genotipificaron 199 pacientes con enfermedad desmielinizante y 200 controles mestizo mexicanos mediante PCR-RFLP y secuenciación Sanger para comparar las frecuencias de alelos, genotipos, haplotipos y combinaciones de genotipos entre pacientes y controles. El análisis estadístico se realizó con regresión logística y χ2 de Pearson al 95% de confianza; se calculó el OR y se evaluó la asociación con enfermedad desmielinizante.
Los haplotipos TTT y CGC fueron los más frecuentes en pacientes y controles. El alelo G2677 (OR = 1.79; IC 95%: 1,12-2,86; p = 0,015) muestra asociación con enfermedad des-mielinizante, así como los genotipos GG2677 (OR = 2,72; IC 95% = 1,11-6,68; p = 0,025) y CC3435 (OR = 1,82; IC 95%: 1,15-2,90; p = 0,010) y su combinación GG2677/CC3435 (OR = 2,02; IC 95%:1,17-3,48; p = 0,010) y el haplotipo CAT (OR = 0,21; IC 95%: 0,05-0,66; p = 0,001).
Los portadores TTTTTT presentaron la edad de inicio más temprana (23,0 ± 7,7 vs. 31,6 ± 10,7; p = 0,0001).
La combinación de genotipos GG2677/CC3435 está asociada al desarrollo de enfermedad desmielinizante en esta muestra, principalmente en sexo masculino, en el cual puede darse acumulación tóxica de sustratos de glicoproteína P. En este estudio, la edad de inicio de la enfermedad desmielinizante podría ser modulada diferencialmente entre sexos por el alelo G2677 del gen ABCB1.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
La enfermedad de Huntington (EH) es un trastorno neurodegenerativo y hereditario. Gracias al diagnóstico predictivo se han descrito características clínicas incipientes en la fase prodrómica.
...Comparar la ejecución en tareas cognitivas de portadores (PEH) del gen de la huntingtina y no portadores (NPEH) y observar la variabilidad en la ejecución, dependiendo de la carga de la enfermedad y cercanía a la etapa manifiesta (edad de inicio de los síntomas).
Los 146 participantes de un Programa de Diagnóstico Predictivo de EH (PDP-EH) fueron divididos en PEH (41,1%) y NPEH (58,9%). Mediante fórmulas matemáticas se obtuvo la carga de enfermedad y cercanía a la etapa manifiesta en el grupo PEH y se correlacionó con la ejecución neuropsicológica.
Se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos con las pruebas Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Stroop-B, SDMT y fluidez fonológica. En el grupo PEH se observaron correlaciones entre la carga de enfermedad con la MMSE, Stroop-B y SDMT. El grupo «Cerca» de la etapa manifiesta es el que obtuvo la puntuación más baja en las pruebas MMSE, Stroop-B, Stroop-C, SDMT y fluidez verbal semántica. De acuerdo al MANCOVA, el efecto MMSE evidencia diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre carga de la enfermedad y la cercanía de inicio de los síntomas.
Se observa un nivel menor de desempeño en el grupo PEH con probabilidad de inicio cercano de la fase manifiesta en pruebas que evalúan la velocidad de procesamiento y atención. La disfunción cognitiva prefrontal se altera de manera precoz varios años antes del diagnóstico motor de la EH.
Huntington disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder. Thanks to predictive diagnosis, incipient clinical characteristics have been described in the prodromal phase.
To compare performance in cognitive tasks of carriers (HDC) and non-carriers (non-HDC) of the huntingtin gene and to analyse the variability in performance as a function of disease burden and proximity to the manifest stage (age of symptom onset).
A sample of 146 participants in a predictive diagnosis of HD programme were divided into the HDC (41.1%) and non-HDC groups (58.9%). Mathematical formulae were used to calculate disease burden and proximity to the manifest stage in the HDC group; these parameters were correlated with neuropsychological performance.
Significant differences were observed between groups in performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Stroop-B, Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and phonological fluency. In the HDC group, correlations were observed between disease burden and performance on the MMSE, Stroop-B, and SDMT. The group of patients close to the manifest stage scored lowest on the MMSE, Stroop-B, Stroop-C, SDMT, and semantic verbal fluency. According to the multivariate analysis of covariance, the MMSE effect shows statistically significant differences in disease burden and proximity to onset of symptoms.
Members of the HDC group close to the manifest phase performed more poorly on tests assessing information processing speed and attention. Prefrontal cognitive dysfunction appears early, several years before the motor diagnosis of HD.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Las variantes C1236T, G2677T/A y C3435T del gen ABCB1 alteran la función de la glicoproteína P y el transporte de sustancias endógenas y exógenas en la barrera hematoencefálica; además, actúan como ...factores de susceptibilidad para algunas enfermedades neurodegenerativas.
El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación de polimorfismos ABCB1 (C1236T, G2677T/A y C3435T), sus haplotipos y sus combinaciones de genotipos con la enfermedad desmielinizante.
Se genotipificó a 199 pacientes con enfermedad desmielinizante y a 200 controles mestizos mexicanos mediante PCR-RFLP y secuenciación Sanger para comparar las frecuencias de alelos, genotipos, haplotipos y combinaciones de genotipos entre pacientes y controles. El análisis estadístico se realizó con regresión logística y χ2 de Pearson al 95% de confianza; se calculó la OR y se evaluó la asociación con enfermedad desmielinizante.
Los haplotipos TTT y CGC fueron los más frecuentes en pacientes y controles. El alelo G2677 (OR=1,79; IC 95%: 1,12-2,86; p=0,015) muestra asociación con enfermedad desmielinizante, así como los genotipos GG2677 (OR=2,72; IC 95%=1,11-6,68; p=0,025) y CC3435 (OR=1,82; IC 95%: 1,15-2,90; p=0,010) y su combinación GG2677/CC3435 (OR=2,02; IC 95%: 1,17-3,48; p=0,010) y el haplotipo CAT (OR=0,21; IC 95%: 0,05-0,66; p=0,001).
Los portadores TTTTTT presentaron la edad de inicio más temprana (23,0±7,7 vs. 31,6±10,7; p=0,0001).
La combinación de genotipos GG2677/CC3435 está asociada al desarrollo de enfermedad desmielinizante en esta muestra, principalmente en el sexo masculino, en el cual puede darse acumulación tóxica de sustratos de glicoproteína P.
En este estudio, la edad de inicio de la enfermedad desmielinizante podría ser modulada diferencialmente entre sexos por el alelo G2677 del gen ABCB1.
The C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T variants of the ABCB1 gene alter the functioning of P-glycoprotein and the transport of endogenous and exogenous substances across the blood-brain barrier, and act as risk factors for some neurodegenerative diseases.
This study aimed to determine the association between demyelinating disease and the C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T variants of ABCB1 and its haplotypes and combinations of genotypes.
Polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) and Sanger sequencing were used to genotype 199 patients with demyelinating disease and 200 controls, all Mexicans of mixed race; frequencies of alleles, genotypes, haplotypes, and genotype combinations were compared between patients and controls. We conducted a logistic regression analysis and calculated chi-square values and 95% confidence intervals (CI); odds ratios (OR) were calculated to evaluate the association with demyelinating disease.
The TTT and CGC haplotypes were most frequent in both patients and controls. The G2677 allele was associated with demyelinating disease (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.12-2.86; P=.015), as were the genotypes GG2677 (OR: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.11-6.68; P=.025) and CC3435 (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.15-2.90; P=.010), the combination GG2677/CC3435 (OR: 2.02; 95% CI, 1.17-3.48; P=.010), and the CAT haplotype (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05-0.66; P=.001).
TTTTTT carriers presented the earliest age of onset (23.0±7.7 years, vs. 31.6±10.7; P=.0001).
The GG2677/CC3435 genotype combination is associated with demyelinating disease in this sample, particularly among men, who may present toxic accumulation of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In our study, the G2677 allele of ABCB1 may differentially modulate age of onset of demyelinating disease in men and women.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Coffee is among the most consumed beverages worldwide. Coffee consumption has been associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), but underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We ...aimed to study the role of classic and novel-T2D biomarkers with anti- or pro-inflammatory activity in the association between habitual coffee intake and T2D risk. Furthermore, we studied differences by coffee types and smoking status in this association.
Using two large population-based cohorts, the UK-Biobank (UKB; n = 145,368) and the Rotterdam Study (RS; n = 7111), we investigated associations of habitual coffee consumption with incident T2D and repeated measures of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), using Cox proportional hazards and mixed effect models, respectively. Additionally, we studied associations between coffee and subclinical inflammation biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-13, and adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin, using linear regression models. Next, we performed formal causal mediation analyses to investigate the role of coffee-associated biomarkers in the association of coffee with T2D. Finally, we evaluated effect modification by coffee type and smoking. All models were adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and health-related factors.
During a median follow-up of 13.9 (RS) and 7.4 (UKB) years, 843 and 2290 incident T2D cases occurred, respectively. A 1 cup/day increase in coffee consumption was associated with 4% lower T2D risk (RS, HR = 0.96 95%CI 0.92; 0.99, p = 0.045; UKB, HR = 0.96 0.94; 0.98, p < 0.001), with lower HOMA-IR (RS, log-transformed β = −0.017 −0.024;−0.010, p < 0.001), and with lower CRP (RS, log-transformed β = −0.014 −0.022;−0.005, p = 0.002; UKB, β = −0.011 −0.012;−0.009, p < 0.001). We also observed associations of higher coffee consumption with higher serum adiponectin and IL-13 concentrations, and with lower leptin concentrations. Coffee-related CRP levels partially mediated the inverse association of coffee intake with T2D incidence (average mediation effect RS β = 0.105 (0.014; 0.240), p = 0.016; UKB β = 6.484 (4.265; 9.339), p < 0.001), with a proportion mediated by CRP from 3.7% −0.012%; 24.4% (RS) to 9.8% 5,7%; 25.8% (UKB). No mediation effect was observed for the other biomarkers. Coffee-T2D and coffee-CRP associations were generally stronger among consumers of ground (filtered or espresso) coffee and among never and former smokers.
Lower subclinical inflammation may partially mediate the beneficial association between coffee consumption and lower T2D risk. Consumers of ground coffee and non-smokers may benefit the most.
coffee consumptions; diabetes mellitus, type 2; inflammation; adipokines; biomarkers; mediation analysis; follow-up studies
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Multiple Sclerosis is the central nervous system's most common demyelinating disease.•Both, physical limitations and disorders that affect mood, can influence Multiple Sclerosis patients perceived ...discrimination against them.•Multiple Sclerosis Patients perceived discrimination is associated with depressive symptoms.•Perceived discrimination in patients with multiple sclerosis is an issue that worries health personnel.
Multiple Sclerosis is the central nervous system's most common demyelinating disease and the second leading cause of neurological disability in young adults. Its natural development involves physical and cognitive impairment. Patients commonly perceive discrimination against them, regardless of its occurrence, accepting it as an inherent part of the disease.
This study aimed to determine the association between perceived discrimination and the depressive symptoms and physical disability present in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, treated at the Demyelinating Diseases Clinic of the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 98 patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained through clinical interviews. The severity of the disease was determined using the Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS), depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and perceived discrimination was rated using the King Internalized Stigma Scale.
The studied sample's mean age was 36.3 years, schooling 13.6 years, symptoms onset was at 26.2 years (with a delay in diagnosis of 3.2 years), and a disease evolution of 10.9 years. 71.4% were single; 52% had an unpaid work activity and 57.1% were women.
The EDSS average was 3.5 points; 24.5% presented moderate to severe depressive symptoms and 53.1% referred perceived discrimination.
Perceived discrimination in patients with multiple sclerosis was associated with earlier disease onset, depressive symptoms, and the lack of caregivers. Medical care and life quality improvement for this vulnerable group require greater education regarding the disease and the establishment of patient support programs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In gearboxes, the occurrence of unexpected failures such as wear in the gears may occur, causing unwanted downtime with significant financial losses and human efforts. Nowadays, noninvasive sensing ...represents a suitable tool for carrying out the condition monitoring and fault assessment of industrial equipment in continuous operating conditions. Infrared thermography has the characteristic of being installed outside the machinery or the industrial process under assessment. Also, the amount of information that sensors can provide has become a challenge for data processing. Additionally, with the development of condition monitoring strategies based on supervised learning and artificial intelligence, the processing of signals with significant improvements during the classification of information has been facilitated. Thus, this paper proposes a novel noninvasive methodology for the diagnosis and classification of different levels of uniform wear in gears through thermal analysis with infrared imaging. The novelty of the proposed method includes the calculation of statistical time-domain features from infrared imaging, the consideration of a dimensionality reduction stage by means of Linear Discriminant Analysis, and automatic fault diagnosis performed by an artificial neural network. The proposed method is evaluated under an experimental laboratory data set, which is composed of the following conditions: healthy, and three severity degrees of uniform wear in gears, namely, 25%, 50%, and 75% of uniform wear. Finally, the obtained results are compared with classical condition monitoring approaches based on vibration analysis.
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