Aim
To determine how well definitions of SIDS in the literature are being cited and referenced.
Methods
The “PubMed” database was searched for “sudden infant death syndrome” from 2020 to 2021. Of 421 ...original papers, 50 were randomly selected and checked to determine whether one of the three internationally accepted definitions of SIDS: Seattle, NICHD and San Diego definitions had been cited/quoted in the text and correctly referenced. Papers that incorrectly cited or did not cite one standard definitions were assigned into: (i) those that used mis‐cited, idiosyncratic or other (alternative, non‐standard) definitions and, (ii) those where there was no definition.
Results
Fifty‐six per cent of papers correctly cited standard definitions, a 12% decrease from the 68% in a similar study in 2012. Of those only 22% both correctly cited/referenced one of the standard definitions. Major issues in 78% of papers involved citing one and referencing another standard definition (N = 7, 14%), citing or referencing alternative, non‐standard definitions (N = 8, 16%) or not citing or referencing any definition (N = 24, 48%).
Conclusion
There is an increasing trend to not follow standard definitions of SIDS. This may hinder data interpretation where cases have not been appropriately defined and negatively impact upon the validity of SIDS research.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We investigate the relation between star formation rates (
$\dot{{M}}_s$
) and AGN properties in optically selected type 1 quasars at 2 < z < 3 using data from Herschel and the SDSS. We find that
...$\dot{{M}}_s$
remains approximately constant with redshift, at 300 ± 100 M⊙ yr−1. Conversely,
$\dot{{M}}_s$
increases with AGN luminosity, up to a maximum of ∼ 600 M⊙ yr−1, and with C iv FWHM. In context with previous results, this is consistent with a relation between
$\dot{{M}}_s$
and black hole accretion rate (
$\dot{{M}}_{{\rm bh}}$
) existing in only parts of the
$z-\dot{{M}}_{s}-\dot{{M}}_{{\rm bh}}$
plane, dependent on the free gas fraction, the trigger for activity, and the processes that may quench star formation. The relations between
$\dot{{M}}_s$
and both AGN luminosity and C iv FWHM are consistent with star formation rates in quasars scaling with black hole mass, though we cannot rule out a separate relation with black hole accretion rate. Star formation rates are observed to decline with increasing C iv equivalent width. This decline can be partially explained via the Baldwin effect, but may have an additional contribution from one or more of three factors; M
i
is not a linear tracer of L
2500, the Baldwin effect changes form at high AGN luminosities, and high C iv EW values signpost a change in the relation between
$\dot{{M}}_s$
and
$\dot{{M}}_{{\rm bh}}$
. Finally, there is no strong relation between
$\dot{{M}}_s$
and Eddington ratio, or the asymmetry of the C iv line. The former suggests that star formation rates do not scale with how efficiently the black hole is accreting, while the latter is consistent with C iv asymmetries arising from orientation effects.
A combinatorial study on Mg–Zn material libraries obtained by thermal evaporation is performed in order to investigate the effect of alloying magnesium on the electrochemical behaviour and ...dissolution rate of zinc in borate buffer of pH 7.4. The surface morphology of the graded samples is complex and subject to a detailed discussion, whereas the crystal composition revealed Mg, MgZn
2 and Zn exclusively.
Open circuit potential measurements and potential sweeps along the graded samples are combined with downstream zinc detection and revealed several strongly non linear dependencies between electrochemical features and magnesium content. While the chemical dissolution rate of zinc by the electrolyte was found to reflect the film stoichiometry except in the regions of high surface roughness, the open circuit potential revealed a local minimum around 20
at.% magnesium accompanied by a maximum in the current plateau during the anodic sweep and a high thickness of the native oxides present prior to electrochemical experiments. All compositions showed passive like behaviour during anodic sweeps with high plateau current densities (200–350
μA
cm
−2) originating from slow but constant oxide dissolution as supported by XPS analysis of the surface before and after contact with the electrolyte.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
► A flow type scanning droplet cell with in situ detection via UV–vis to investigate corrosion was constructed. ► Dependency of OCP of Zn on pH between 6.6 and 9.0 was studied with passive active ...transition between pH 7.1 and 7.4. ► Zinc concentration profiles revealed a steady etching process that is diffusion controlled at all pH values ► Sulfate ions interfere with the passivity of zinc and increase the etching rate, they also influence the pitting potential.
The combination of a capillary based microelectrochemical flow cell system and downstream UV–vis analytics allows obtaining synchronized electrochemical and spectroscopic data in a fully automated mode. This method combination can be generally applied to microelectrochemical studies in which an electrochemical species is released or consumed during the electrochemical reaction. For the example of pure zinc surfaces, the characterization of the integrated spectroscopic system is presented with a Zn
2+ detection limit below 0.1
μmol
l
−1 using Zincon as complexing agent. A parameter screening of the effect of pH in the range of 6.6–9.0 in borate buffer reveals a linear increase in zinc dissolution with proton concentration but a distinct step in the open circuit potential from the active state (around −700
mV SHE, pH 6.6–7.1) to the passive state (around −300
mV SHE, pH 7.4–9.0) indicating the formation of a closed passive layer. This mechanism is strongly influenced by sulfate anions which increase the dissolution rate of the passive film and promote the active state as monitored by the dissolution profile and OCP (open circuit potential) values. Within the scope of this parameter variation, the congruency between OCP transients, potentiodynamic sweeps and time resolved dissolution profiles is discussed.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Objective
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid‐19) pandemic affected surgical training in many ways. This observational study was carried out to evaluate the impact of Covid‐19 on urological ...residencies across Asia.
Methodology
An open‐ended survey questionnaire examining key areas in a urology training program was distributed to several urologists in Asia. The survey evaluated seven areas including the burden of Covid‐19 disease, the need for re‐deployment of residents, the impact on clinical work, the effect on research work for residents, the delivery of teaching to the residents, the impact on training and assessments, the effects on mental, personal health and social welfare of residents.
Results
Reports from 11 Asian countries were analysed. There is stark variability in Covid‐19 disease burden across Asia. Re‐deployment occurred in selected Asian countries. Affected residents reported challenges obtaining personal protective equipment and training. Clinical workload and research were generally reduced except for countries reporting low volume Covid‐19 cases. Residents teaching evolved from in‐person to online platforms. Almost all residency program postponed their examinations. Mental health disturbance was more pronounced than personal health.
Conclusions
The Covid‐19 pandemic presented multiple obstacles to Asian urology residencies. The understanding of these challenges will assist program directors in developing mitigating measures.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Supersonic plumes of water vapour and icy particles have been observed by the Cassini spacecraft during several flybys over Enceladus. These plumes originate from the Tiger Stripes located in the ...South Polar Terrain (SPT), and indicate the presence of a subsurface ocean under the icy crust which is salty and contains complex organic molecules. Other characteristics of the plumes, such as the vent temperature, mass flow rate, velocity and mass fraction of icy particles can be used to determine the conditions in the channel, linking the subsurface ocean to the icy surface. In this paper, we developed a fluid dynamics model that accounts for nucleation, particle growth, wall accretion and sublimation. The channel behaves similarly to a converging–diverging nozzle, which forms supersonic plumes due to a pressure difference between the reservoir where the subsurface ocean is located and the exosphere. The geometry of the channel and its evolution with accretion of gas and sublimation of ice are studied to reproduce the characteristics of the plumes observed by Cassini. We first performed a parameter study on the channel geometry to determine how it influences the plumes’ velocity, solid fraction and exit temperature. Our results show that the size of the icy particles is primarily dependent on the length of the channel, indicating that large particles (∼75μm) must originate from within a kilometer below the surface, while smaller particles (∼3μm) can originate from only hundreds of meters below the surface. We further show that the velocity of the flow, exit temperature and nucleation depend directly on the exit-to-throat size ratio. We find that the channel geometry evolves within a few tens of hours until an equilibrium is reached, when considering the accretion of gas to the walls, or sublimation of ice from the walls. As the channel closes due to accretion, the flow becomes thinner, which in turn reduces accretion. After around 70 h, the accretion is sufficiently slowed such that the geometry does not evolve anymore. This equilibrium geometry produces higher Mach numbers and a larger particle size and solid fraction compared to the initial geometry.
•On Enceladus, a Saturnian moon, supersonic plumes of water ice and vapour have been observed.•These plumes indicate the presence of a liquid subsurface ocean hidden under kilometers of ice.•We studied numerically the plumes as they develop from the ocean to the surface through channels.•We found that the size of the icy grains observed in the plumes can constrain the length of the channels.•The plumes’ velocity and temperature constrain the expansion (throat to exit) ratio of the channel.•Water accretion changes the channel’s geometry within hours and increases the expansion ratio.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Accurately predicting the implant size in total knee arthroplasties could increase the efficiency of the operation, decrease the costs associated with the procedure and result in improved patient ...outcomes. To substantiate its continued use, digital templating must demonstrate itself to be an accurate tool in predicting component size in order for surgeons to confidently use it to optimize the procedure.
A systematic literature review was performed and identified 16 studies within the Pubmed, Ebsco and Ovid-Embase databases, with 1189 TKR prostheses included for analysis. A quality of evidence assessment was performed on each study depending on the study design. A random effects meta-analysis model was used to pool overall implant accuracy and the reported inter-rater agreement when performing digital templating and displayed in a forest plot. Meta-regression was used analyze potential factors that may affect the accuracy of digital templating.
The pooled proportion of accurate templates with 0 margin of error was found to be 56% (52–61, 95CI), which increases to 96% (0.94–0.98, 95CI) when allowing for a 1 size margin of error. Subgroup analysis between femoral and tibial components concluded no statistically significant difference.
This study supports the continued use of digital templating for planning total knee arthroplasties and recommends further subgroup analysis of patient age, body mass index and sex against accuracy. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews Database under ID: CRD420222367461. No funding was provided for the completion of this systematic review.
Templating in the preoperative planning of total knee arthroplasties is a vital step in ensuring maximum operative efficiency. A method that can accurately predict the required implant size within 1 size could improve theatre turnover, decrease costs and benefit patient outcomes. The current literature on the accuracy of digital templating in total knee arthroplasties lacks a systematic review calculating the overall accuracy of the process, this study aims to address this gap.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Binary and ternary composition spread material libraries were prepared using a thermal physical vapor deposition system with three separated heating sources and adjustable chamber geometry. In this ...work, we present binary Cu84‐20Al16‐80 and Zn71‐8Mg29‐92 libraries as well as a ternary Cu67‐6Ag81‐13Mg66‐12 system with a thickness around 300 nm. The composition of the obtained films was determined by automated energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and the data further used to develop a mathematical model to simulate the surface. The thickness of a copper film was measured by atomic force microscopy and used to verify the theoretical model, whereas topography scans provided information on the surface roughness. The consistency between theoretical simulations and observed compositions concludes multiple source thermal co‐evaporation to be a reliable method with high variety regarding source metals and deposition rates and therefore of high value for material library fabrication.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The research on aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIB) is getting more attention as the energy transition continues to develop and the need for inexpensive and safe stationary storage batteries is ...growing. As the detailed reaction mechanisms are not conclusively revealed, we want to take an alternative approach to investigate the importance of pH value changes during cycling. By adding a pH-indicator to the electrolyte (2 M ZnSO4 + 0.1 M MnSO4), the local pH-value change during operation is visualized in operando. The overall pH value was found to increase during cycling whereas a major temporary pH drop in close proximity of the manganese dioxide electrode surface occurs. Additionally, this pH value change was quantified locally by in operando measurements with a pH micro electrode. Different electrolyte compositions with additives (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sulfuric acid (H2SO4)) and operation voltages were tested. The pH-potential-diagrams of manganese and zinc reveal pH value and potential limits, leading to active material dissolution at lower pH values and oxygen gas evolution at higher potentials >1.7 V. The procedure of combining a pH indicator, pH microelectrode measurements and pH-potential diagrams can be seen as an appropriate method to determine the recommendable working window of aqueous batteries.
Dressing formally or informally as an academic may be a trade-off when it comes to managing impressions towards students, but the extant body of literature remains limited with only mixed results. ...This research is the first focussed investigation to examine the effects of academic dress formality on the 'big two' of impression formation, perceptions of warmth and competence. In a series of three controlled laboratory experiments (total N = 1361), we find dress formality to increase perceptions of competence but to decrease perceptions of warmth, which leads to 'downstream' effects on students' evaluations of instructors and behavioural intentions to enrol in a course. Furthermore, we demonstrate that perceptions of competence may be subject to other information cues (success communication and discipline norms) that can mitigate negative effects associated with dress informality. Implications for higher education practitioners are provided.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
