Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify, analyze and describe the novel approaches that affect vaccine development in lower-middle income countries (LMICs).
Design/methodology/approach
The ...vaccine market in LMICs currently focuses on traditional Expanded Program for Immunization vaccines instead of new ones. Unlike the successful introduction of those traditional vaccines, the introduction of new vaccines appears to be very slow, mainly due to financial issues. This paper systematically reviews a set of published papers on vaccine development and analyzes them against a specific region-setting framework.
Findings
Public–private partnership alone could not ensure long-term vaccine sustainability. Several factors that encourage domestic vaccine development were identified. The findings demonstrate that the regulatory approach of hybrid collaboration and market opportunity strategies can be a major breakthrough for domestic vaccine development in LMICs.
Research limitations/implications
Further research is required to include qualitative and quantitative methods for policy analysis, as all of the discussion in this research focused on literature reviews. The authors did not discuss how strategic decisions are affected from a political perspective and this needs to be specified in future research. Think tanks, considerably and fundamentally, affect policy ideas and decisions. However, important breakthroughs continue to be made at the same time.
Social implications
The development of vaccines in LMICs is expected to be a mechanism to overcome the inadequate access to vaccines in those countries, as solving this problem requires tackling issues from both the supply and demand sides.
Originality/value
This is a literature review that creates recommendation and approaches for domestic vaccine development in LMICs. This review aims to encourage LMICs to produce their own vaccines for sustainability of the vaccine access through vaccine development lifecycle, instead of expecting donor that provides funding and vaccines (vaccine access) in certain period of time. Donor is not always the solution for the problem, since vaccine development requires finance to function infrastructure. There are many efforts in revoking this, including World Health Organization through several reports; however, this effort still has many doubts. Therefore, the article would like to try to see this as a viable solution from the policy perspectives, with several examples to make recommendations more practical.
The physicochemical and stability properties as well as the fatty acid, triacylglycerol, sterol, and triterpenic dialcohol compositions of Tunisian olive oil varieties were analyzed. On the basis of ...our results, we classified all of the monovarietal oils into the extra virgin category. Oleic and linoleic acids were the most useful fatty acids to discriminate three cultivars, Neb Jmel, Chétoui, and Ain Jarboua, from the others. Of the six monovarietal virgin olive oils analyzed, the main triacylglycerols were OOO, POO, PLO plus SLL, and OLO, which was expected given the high oleic acid and low linoleic and linolenic acids content observed in total fatty acids. In total, these accounted for more than 80% of the total HPLC chromatogram peak area. The main sterols found were β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, and campesterol. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between oil samples, and the obtained results showed a great variability in the oil composition between cultivars, which is influenced exclusively by genetic factors.
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This paper describes a sensory analysis of olive oils from main Tunisian cultivars: Chemlali, Chétoui, Sradki, Sayali and Hor Kesra, and one Spanish cultivar: Arbequina. Some hybrids obtained from ...controlled crossings between Tunisian and European cultivars: Hd 031, Hd 034, Hd 038, Hd 039, Hd 044 & Hd 045, were also analysed. Sensory evaluation of oils was performed in order to evaluate their sensory profiles. A Duncan Test (a = 0,05) was applied using the data of each attribute and showed differences between analysed oils, pointing out the oil from the hybrids HD 044 for its bitter attribute. All collected data were also submitted to Cluster analysis, based on the similarity in Euclidian distances, showing the difference between the oil from hybrid HD 044 and the rest.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
La Ecoeficiencia es una forma efectiva y fundamental para evaluar el Conocimiento y la Actitud a un nivel personal logrando un Desarrollo Ambiental-Urbano Sostenible; lo que nos lleva al objetivo de ...la investigación en el distrito de Chilca. Se analizó la descripción y relación entre ambos conceptos; elaborando así dos encuestas con 23 ítems/cu, teniendo como muestreo a 382 personas encuestadas, la encuesta esta validada mediante la escala de Likert (5 niveles) y corroborada mediante la contratación de hipótesis estadística rho Spearman, t-student y α=0.05. Los resultados afirmar lo siguiente: Conocimiento Ambiental hacia la Ecoeficiencia (115, 109 y 131 posee una idea totalmente de acuerdo en aire y suelo, diversidad biológica y cambio climático, respectivamente); Actitud Ambiental hacia la Ecoeficiencia (113, 137 y 141 tiene una idea totalmente de acuerdo en su aspecto cognitivo, afectivo y conativo, respectivamente) y la relación entre el C. y A. presenta un rho=0.47 siendo una relación buena, con t-student=10.35 y α=2.2e-16; perfeccionando que si existe relación entre la actitud ambiental y conocimiento ambiental hacia la ecoeficiencia. Concluyendo que, si tenemos una actitud y conocimiento “ambiental” a un nivel personal esto influirá a nivel urbano formando una polimatía y psicología ambiental ecoeficiente para un desarrollo ambiental urbano sostenible en el distrito de Chilca.
El propósito del estudio fue conocer las aspiraciones personales y la opción de emigrar del país de un grupo de estudiantes de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV). El marco teórico de dicha ...investigación proviene de las teorías de Ruut Veenhoven sobre Bienestar Subjetivo, de Víctor Vroom sobre las Expectativas, y la Tipología Emigratoria de William Petersen. El estudio de carácter exploratorio se realizó a través de una muestra no probabilística de estudiantes próximos a graduarse. Los resultados revelan, entre otros datos, que 90 % de los informantes aspira marcharse del país y 70 % indica que el clima de tensión psico social y la polarización política explican su deseo de emigrar. En conclusión se evidencia la premisa de William Petersen acerca de las aspiraciones personales como fuerza impulsora de la emigración. .
Vector-borne diseases are a serious problem in public health, especially in tropical and subtropical areas where environmental conditions favor the survival and expansion of vectors into new ...habitats.
Dengue fever is one of the most important vector-borne diseases transmitted by arthropods (arbovirosis) worldwide. The etiologic agent of the disease is the dengue virus, which is transmitted by the bite of bloodsucking Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The virus-vector interaction is essential for the efficient transmission of the disease, and depends on both, viral factors and vector competence or intrinsic vector capacity to be infected with the virus. Vector competence allows virus replication and subsequent transmission to susceptible hosts. Factors that influence vector capacity include: natural barriers to infection, immunological defenses as well as the presence of receptors for the virus. All these factors in addition to the viral characteristics will determine the degree of transmission. There is a need for a better understanding of the virus-vector relationship and its epidemiological implications. These issues are addressed in this article.
Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores constituyen un complejo problema de salud en el ámbito mundial, especialmente en áreas tropicales y subtropicales, que por sus condiciones ambientales favorecen la supervivencia del vector. El dengue es la principal enfermedad transmitida por vectores en el mundo, cuyo agente etiológico es el Virus Dengue, el cual es transmitido por la picadura de mosquitos hematófagos de la especie Aedes aegypti. La interacción virus-vector es esencial para una transmisión efectiva y depende de factores tanto virales como vectoriales.
Entre los factores relacionados con el vector, la competencia vectorial es considerada de gran importancia, pues se refiere a la capacidad intrínseca del vector para infectarse con el virus, permitir su replicación y posteriormente su transmisión a un huésped susceptible. A su vez, la habilidad para ser un buen vector depende principalmente de barreras naturales a la infección, barreras inmunológicas y presencia de receptores específicos para el virus. Todas estas características, sumadas a las características propias del virus, favorecerán o no la transmisión del mismo. Un estudio integral de la relación virus-vector permitirá comprender sus implicaciones en la epidemiología de la enfermedad. Estos temas han sido revisados en el presente documento, discutiendo su importancia dentro del contexto entomológico y epidemiológico.
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