IntroductionCarbapenemase-producing
(CPE) have rarely been reported in dogs, and never in animals in Finland. However, in April 2015, two meropenem-resistant
were identified from two dogs in one ...family. Both dogs suffered from chronic
.
Epidemiological and molecular investigations (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing) were conducted to investigate the source of infection and transmission routes.
In both dogs and one family member New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-5)-producing multidrug-resistant ST167
was found. Whole genome sequencing confirmed that the isolates were identical or only had one or two allelic differences. Additionally, the dogs and humans of the family carried an identical extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) CTX-M-group 9
ST69 strain, indicating interspecies transmission. While the original source remains unclear, human-to-canine transmission is possible. No carbapenems had been administered to the dogs, but exposure to numerous other antimicrobials likely sustained the bacteria and supported its propagation in the canine host.
To our knowledge, canine clinical NDM-5
in Europe, and confirmed CPE transmission between dogs and humans have not been previously reported. The screening of veterinary
isolates for carbapenem resistance is highly recommended.
The Carba NP test was evaluated against a panel of 61 carbapenemase-producing bacterial species (15 producing class A carbapenemases, 15 producing class D carbapenemases, and 31 producing ...metallo-β-lactamases) and against 111 isolates with non-wild-type carbapenem susceptibility but not producing carbapenemase. Carbapenemase production was verified by PCR and UV-spectrophotometric measurement of imipenem hydrolysis. No false positives were seen, but there were consistent problems with the detection of OXA-48-like enzymes and also some rarer class A enzymes.
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are becoming a global problem; they are often resistant to nearly all available antibiotics. Here we report details on all Finnish CPE isolates found ...until the end of 2011: carbapenemase genes, travel history and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data.
Enterobacteriaceae sent to the Antimicrobial Resistance Unit of the National Institute for Health and Welfare were tested for susceptibility to carbapenems, screened for carbapenemases by PCR and isolates with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems were tested for hydrolysis of imipenem. Carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were typed by MLST.
In all, 26 CPE strains were found from 25 patients: 10 with OXA-48-like enzymes, 5 with KPC, 4 with VIM, 3 with NDM, 3 with IMI/NMC-A and 1 with GES-14. The species were K. pneumoniae (n = 16), E. coli (n = 6), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 3) and Raoultella planticola (n = 1). Of the 25 patients, 18 had a known travel history/hospital transfer from abroad. Local spread/transmission was suspected in 2011, but there were no hospital outbreaks. The K. pneumoniae multilocus sequence types ST258, ST182, ST147, ST244, ST14, ST13, ST383, ST101 and ST15, and the E. coli sequence types ST38 and ST90 were found. Many of these are global epidemic clones.
CPE strains are increasingly found in Finland, but still at a very low prevalence.
A series of polymerizable quaternary ammonium compounds were synthesized with the aim of using them as immobilized antibacterial agents in methacrylate dental composites, and their structures were ...characterized by FT-IR, (1)H-NMR, and (13)C-NMR analysis. Their antibacterial activities against the oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans were evaluated in vitro by a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration test, and the results showed that 2-dimethyl-2-hexadecyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodide (C16) had the highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans, and 2-dimethyl-2-pentyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodide (C5) and 2-dimethyl-2-octyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodide (C8) did not show any inhibition.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
Serratia marcescens is a rare, but important, pathogen in hospital‐acquired infections, especially in neonatal units. Outbreaks may cause significant mortality among neonates. This study ...describes how an outbreak of S. marcescens was handled in a neonatal intensive care unit in Finland in June 2015.
Methods
Tampere University Hospital is the only hospital that offers intensive care for preterm neonates in the Pirkanmaa health district area in Finland. Between June 9, 2015 and June 29, 2015, seven neonates were screened positive for S. marcescens in the hospital. We examined the management and outcomes, including environmental sampling.
Results
Two of the seven neonates developed a bloodstream infection, and one with S. marcescens sepsis died after six days of antibiotic treatment. The outbreak was rapidly managed with active hospital hygiene interventions, including strict hand hygiene, cleaning, patient screening, contact precautions and education. Environmental sampling was limited to one water tap and a ventilator, and the results were negative. The outbreak was contained within three weeks, and no further cases appeared. The screening of healthcare workers was not necessary.
Conclusion
A S. marcescens outbreak caused significant morbidity in neonates and one death. Rapid hospital hygiene interventions and patient screening effectively contained the outbreak.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Diarrhea is the most frequent health problem among children in developing countries. This study investigated the bacterial and viral etiology and related clinical and epidemiological factors in ...children with acute diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Stool specimens were collected from 283 children under 5 years of age visiting hospital due to acute diarrhea and from 60 healthy controls of similar age. Pathogens were investigated by using conventional culture techniques, PCR and immunochromatographic testing. Salmonella and Shigella strains were serotyped and their susceptibility to 23 antimicrobial agents was determined by the agar dilution method.
At least one pathogen was detected in 64% of the 283 patients and in 8% of the 60 controls (p < 0.001). Rotavirus was found in 30% of the patients, followed by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (24%), Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica (9%), Shigella spp. (6%), adenovirus (5%) and Campylobacter spp. (2%). Multiple pathogens were found in 11% of the patients and in 2% of the controls (p = 0.028). Viruses were found mainly in children of ≤ 2 years of age, whereas bacteria were equally prevalent among all the age groups. Viral infections occurred mostly during the cool dry season and the bacterial infections during the rainy season. Fever (64%) and vomiting (61%) were the most common symptoms associated with diarrhea. Only one Salmonella strain was resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Of the Shigella strains, one was resistant to nalidixic acid but 81% to trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole, 63% to streptomycin and 50% to ampicillin. Most of all the other Salmonella and Shigella strains were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested.
Rotaviruses and diarrheal E. coli were the most predominant pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in Burkinabe children. Constant antimicrobial surveillance is warranted to observe for the emergence of enteric bacteria resistant to antimicrobials that are important in treatment also of severe infections.
Antimicrobial resistance profiling of pathogens helps to identify the emergence of rare or new resistance threats and prioritize possible actions to be taken against them. The analysis of wastewater ...(WW) can reveal the circulation of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) among the catchment communities. Here, we analyzed WW influent samples to determine the prevalence of carbapenemase genes-carrying Gram-negative bacteria (Carba-GNB) in Helsinki, Finland. This study set important historical reference points from the very early stage of the carbapenemase era, during the period 2011–2012. A total of 405 bacterial isolates grown on CHROMagarKPC (
n
= 195) and CHROMagarESBL (
n
= 210) from WW influent samples were collected between October 2011 and August 2012 and were analyzed. The bacterial DNA from the isolates was extracted, and the prevalence of carbapenemases genes
bla
KPC
,
bla
NDM
,
bla
GES
,
bla
OXA-48
,
bla
IMP
,
bla
IMI
, and
bla
VIM
were screened with multiplexed PCR. All carbapenemase-positive isolates were identified taxonomically to species or genus level with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The nucleic acid extraction was successful for 399 isolates, of which 59 (14.8%) were found to carry carbapenemase genes. A total of 89.8% of the carbapenemase positive isolates (53 out of 59) were obtained from CHROMagarKPC plates and only 10.2% (six out of 59) were obtained from CHROMagar ESBL plates. Among the Carba-GNB isolates, 86.4% were
bla
GES
(51 out of 59), 10.2% were
bla
KPC
(six out of 59), and 3.4% were
bla
VIM
(two out of 59). The most common carba-gene,
bla
GES
, was carried by 10 different bacterial species, including
Aeromonas
spp.,
Enterobacter
spp., and
Kluyvera
spp.; the
bla
KPC
gene was carried by
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, and
Kluyvera cryocescens
; and the
bla
VIM
gene was carried by
Aeromonas hydrophila
/
caviae
and
Citrobacter amalonaticus
. This study emphasizes that wastewater surveillance (WWS) can be an additional tool for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at the population level.
During 1993-2011, cefotaxime resistance among Salmonella enterica isolates from patients in Finland increased substantially. Most of these infections originated in Thailand; many were qnr positive ...and belonged to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. enterica monophasic serovar 4,5,12:i:-. Although cefotaxime-resistant salmonellae mainly originate in discrete geographic areas, they represent a global threat.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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