Background
CheckMate 025 has shown superior efficacy for nivolumab over everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) along with improved safety and tolerability. This analysis ...assesses the long‐term clinical benefits of nivolumab versus everolimus.
Methods
The randomized, open‐label, phase 3 CheckMate 025 trial (NCT01668784) included patients with clear cell aRCC previously treated with 1 or 2 antiangiogenic regimens. Patients were randomized to nivolumab (3 mg/kg every 2 weeks) or everolimus (10 mg once a day) until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoints were the confirmed objective response rate (ORR), progression‐free survival (PFS), safety, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).
Results
Eight hundred twenty‐one patients were randomized to nivolumab (n = 410) or everolimus (n = 411); 803 patients were treated (406 with nivolumab and 397 with everolimus). With a minimum follow‐up of 64 months (median, 72 months), nivolumab maintained an OS benefit in comparison with everolimus (median, 25.8 months 95% CI, 22.2‐29.8 months vs 19.7 months 95% CI, 17.6‐22.1 months; hazard ratio HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62‐0.85) with 5‐year OS probabilities of 26% and 18%, respectively. ORR was higher with nivolumab (94 of 410 23% vs 17 of 411 4%; P < .001). PFS also favored nivolumab (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72‐0.99; P = .0331). The most common treatment‐related adverse events of any grade were fatigue (34.7%) and pruritus (15.5%) with nivolumab and fatigue (34.5%) and stomatitis (29.5%) with everolimus. HRQOL improved from baseline with nivolumab but remained the same or deteriorated with everolimus.
Conclusions
The superior efficacy of nivolumab over everolimus is maintained after extended follow‐up with no new safety signals, and this supports the long‐term benefits of nivolumab monotherapy in patients with previously treated aRCC.
LAY SUMMARY
CheckMate 025 compared the effects of nivolumab (a novel immunotherapy) with those of everolimus (an older standard‐of‐care therapy) for the treatment of advanced kidney cancer in patients who had progressed on antiangiogenic therapy.
After 5 years of study, nivolumab continues to be better than everolimus in extending the lives of patients, providing a long‐lasting response to treatment, and improving quality of life with a manageable safety profile. The results demonstrate that the clinical benefits of nivolumab versus everolimus in previously treated patients with advanced kidney cancer continue in the long term.
The results of the 5‐year follow‐up analysis of the CheckMate 025 trial demonstrate that the clinical benefits are sustained with nivolumab over everolimus in previously treated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma in the long term. Overall survival, progression‐free survival, and objective response rate benefits are maintained with nivolumab versus everolimus, and more patients treated with nivolumab experience improved health‐related quality of life; meanwhile, the safety of nivolumab is manageable and compares favorably with that of everolimus.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives
To validate a deep learning (DL) algorithm for measurement of skeletal muscular index (SMI) and prediction of overall survival in oncology populations.
Methods
A retrospective ...single-center observational study included patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma between 2007 and 2019. A set of 37 patients was used for technical validation of the algorithm, comparing manual vs DL-based evaluations. Segmentations were compared using mean Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), SMI using concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman plots. Overall survivals (OS) were compared using log-rank (Kaplan-Meier) and Mann-Whitney tests. Generalizability of the prognostic value was tested in an independent validation population (
N
= 87).
Results
Differences between two manual segmentations (DSC = 0.91, CCC = 0.98 for areas) or manual vs. automated segmentation (DSC = 0.90, CCC = 0.98 for areas, CCC = 0.97 for SMI) had the same order of magnitude. Bland-Altman plots showed a mean difference of −3.33 cm
2
95%CI: −15.98, 9.1 between two manual segmentations, and −3.28 cm
2
95% CI: −14.77, 8.21 for manual vs. automated segmentations. With each method, 20/37 (56%) patients were classified as sarcopenic. Sarcopenic vs. non-sarcopenic groups had statistically different survival curves with median OS of 6.0 vs. 12.5 (
p
= 0.008) and 6.0 vs. 13.9 (
p
= 0.014) months respectively for manual and DL methods. In the independent validation population, sarcopenic patients according to DL had a lower OS (10.7 vs. 17.3 months,
p
= 0.033).
Conclusion
A DL algorithm allowed accurate estimation of SMI compared to manual reference standard. The DL-calculated SMI demonstrated a prognostic value in terms of OS.
Key Points
• A deep learning algorithm allows accurate estimation of skeletal muscle index compared to a manual reference standard with a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.97.
• Sarcopenic patients according to SMI thresholds after segmentation by the deep learning algorithm had statistically significantly lower overall survival compared to non-sarcopenic patients.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
Due to the aberrant hypervascularization and the high immune infiltration of renal tumours, current therapeutic regimens of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) target angiogenic or immunosuppressive pathways ...or both. Tumour angiogenesis plays an essential role in tumour growth and immunosuppression. Indeed, the aberrant vasculature promotes hypoxia and can also exert immunosuppressive functions. In addition, pro-angiogenic factors, including VEGF-A, have an immunosuppressive action on immune cells. Despite the progress of treatments in RCC, there are still non responders or acquired resistance. Currently, no biomarkers are used in clinical practice to guide the choice between the different available treatments. Considering the role of angiogenesis in RCC, angiogenesis-related markers are interesting candidates. They have been studied in the response to antiangiogenic drugs (AA) and show interest in predicting the response. They have been less studied in immunotherapy alone or combined with AA. In this review, we will discuss the role of angiogenesis in tumour growth and immune escape and the place of angiogenesis-targeted biomarkers to predict response to current therapies in RCC.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Selecting patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (m-ccRCC) who might benefit from treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is a challenge. Our aim was to identify ...molecular markers associated with outcome in patients with m-ccRCC treated with sunitinib.
We performed global transcriptome analyses on 53 primary resected ccRCC tumors from patients who developed metastatic disease and were treated with first-line sunitinib. We also determined chromosome copy-number aberrations, methylation status, and gene mutations in von Hippel-Lindau and PBRM1. Molecular data were analyzed in relation with response rate (RR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Validation was performed in 47 additional ccRCC samples treated in first-line metastatic setting with sunitinib.
Unsupervised transcriptome analysis identified 4 robust ccRCC subtypes (ccrcc1 to 4) related to previous molecular classifications that were associated with different responses to sunitinib treatment. ccrcc1/ccrcc4 tumors had a lower RR (P = 0.005) and a shorter PFS and OS than ccrcc2/ccrcc3 tumors (P = 0.001 and 0.0003, respectively). These subtypes were the only significant covariate in the multivariate Cox model for PFS and OS (P = 0.017 and 0.006, respectively). ccrcc1/ccrcc4 tumors were characterized by a stem-cell polycomb signature and CpG hypermethylation, whereas ccrcc3 tumors, sensitive to sunitinib, did not exhibit cellular response to hypoxia. Moreover, ccrcc4 tumors exhibited sarcomatoid differentiation with a strong inflammatory, Th1-oriented but suppressive immune microenvironment, with high expression of PDCD1 (PD-1) and its ligands.
ccRCC molecular subtypes are predictive of sunitinib response in metastatic patients, and could be used for personalized mRCC treatment with TKIs, demethylating or immunomodulatory drugs.
The immunogenic cell death (ICD) is defined as a regulated cell death able to induce an adaptive immunity. It depends on different parameters including sufficient antigenicity, adjuvanticity and ...favorable microenvironment conditions. Radiation therapy (RT), a pillar of modern cancer treatment, is being used in many tumor types in curative, (neo) adjuvant, as well as metastatic settings. The anti-tumor effects of RT have been traditionally attributed to the mitotic cell death resulting from the DNA damages triggered by the release of reactive oxygen species. Recent evidence suggests that RT may also exert its anti-tumor effect by recruiting tumor-specific immunity. RT is able to induce the release of tumor antigens, to act as an immune adjuvant and thus to synergize with the anti-tumor immunity. The advent of new efficient immunotherapeutic agents, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), in multiple tumor types sheds new light on the opportunity of combining RT and ICI. Here, we will describe the biological and radiobiological rationale of the RT-induced ICD. We will then focus on the interest to combine RT and ICI, from bench to bedside, and summarize the clinical data existing with this combination. Finally, RT technical adaptations to optimize the ICD induction will be discussed.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the SPARTAN trial, addition of apalutamide to androgen deprivation therapy, as compared with placebo plus androgen deprivation therapy, significantly improved metastasis-free survival in men with ...non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who were at high risk for development of metastases. We aimed to investigate the effects of apalutamide versus placebo added to androgen deprivation therapy on health-related quality of life (HRQOL).
SPARTAN is a multicentre, international, randomised, phase 3 trial. Participants were aged 18 years or older, with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, a prostate-specific antigen doubling time of 10 months or less, and a prostate-specific antigen concentration of 2 ng/mL or more in serum. Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to 240 mg oral apalutamide per day plus androgen deprivation therapy, or matched oral placebo plus androgen deprivation therapy, using an interactive voice randomisation system. Permuted block randomisation was used according to the three baseline stratification factors: prostate-specific antigen doubling time (>6 months vs ≤6 months), use of bone-sparing drugs (yes vs no), and presence of local-regional nodal disease (N0 vs N1). Each treatment cycle was 28 days. The primary endpoint was metastasis-free survival. The trial was unblinded in July, 2017. In this prespecified exploratory analysis we assessed HRQOL using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate (FACT-P) and EQ-5D-3L questionnaires, which we collected at baseline, day 1 of cycle 1 (before dose), day 1 of treatment cycles 1–6, day 1 of every two cycles from cycles 7 to 13, and day 1 of every four cycles thereafter. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01946204.
Between Oct 14, 2013, and Dec 15, 2016, we randomly assigned 1207 patients to receive apalutamide (n=806) or placebo (n=401). The clinical cutoff date, as for the primary analysis, was May 19, 2017. Median follow-up for overall survival was 20·3 months (IQR 14·8–26·6). FACT-P total and subscale scores were associated with a preservation of HRQOL from baseline to cycle 29 in the apalutamide group; there were similar results for EQ-5D-3L. At baseline, the mean for FACT-P total score in both the apalutamide and placebo groups were consistent with the FACT-P general population norm for US adult men. Group mean patient-reported outcome scores over time show that HRQOL was maintained from baseline after initiation of apalutamide treatment and was similar over time among patients receiving apalutamide versus placebo. Least-squares mean change from baseline shows that HRQOL deterioration was more apparent in the placebo group.
In asymptomatic men with high-risk non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, HRQOL was maintained after initiation of apalutamide treatment. Considered with findings from SPARTAN, patients who received apalutamide had longer metastasis-free survival and longer time to symptomatic progression than did those who received placebo, while preserving HRQOL.
Janssen Research & Development.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Abstract Multiple targeted agents are now available for the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Although targeted agents offer improvements over previous treatments and ...significantly prolong progression-free survival, most patients eventually experience disease progression. For these patients, sequential treatment with multiple lines of therapy may afford sustained clinical benefit. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFr-TKIs) are recommended as first-line therapy for most patients with mRCC. Current clinical practice guidelines uniformly recommend treatment with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus after initial VEGFr-TKI failure. Recent results of the AXIS phase 3 trial demonstrated improved efficacy with second-line axitinib compared with sorafenib in patients who progressed on a variety of first-line therapies, including the VEGFr-TKI sunitinib. Available clinical evidence, individual patient profile, and toxicity concerns should be carefully evaluated when deciding whether to administer an mTOR inhibitor or a second VEGFr-TKI after progression on a first-line VEGFr-TKI. In patients who progress on a VEGFr-TKI and an mTOR inhibitor, retrospective analyses indicate that treatment with a second VEGFr-TKI in the third-line setting provides additional clinical benefit. Recent results from a prospective phase 1/2 trial indicate that third-line therapy with the investigational TKI, dovitinib, may have promising efficacy in patients who progress on a VEGFr-TKI and an mTOR inhibitor; a phase 3 trial of dovitinib versus sorafenib in this patient population is ongoing. This review discusses and evaluates current clinical evidence for sequential therapy with targeted agents in patients with mRCC.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
PURPOSE OF REVIEWTo explore the accumulating evidence and feasibility of rechallenge with agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) ...pathways for incorporation into the evolving management algorithm for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC).
RECENT FINDINGSThe current standard of care after the development of resistance to first-line targeted therapies in mRCC is sequential treatment with subsequent lines of alternative anti-VEGF agents or mTOR inhibitors, with optimal sequencing being the focus of ongoing research. Recent evidence from case study and retrospective reports suggests that mRCC patients can achieve important clinical benefits from rechallenge at later lines of therapy with the same targeted therapy used for previous line treatment. Further, the results of REchallenge with SUnitinib in MEtastatic, the first study of sunitinib rechallenge to include a prospective component, reinforce the potential for prolonged survival with this treatment approach for mRCC patients.
SUMMARYRechallenge represents an important and feasible therapeutic option for the future treatment of mRCC patients. The results of ongoing prospective studies are expected to further evaluate the benefits of rechallenge and better inform wherein this approach fits in the treatment algorithm for mRCC.
Sunitinib is one of several new antiangiogenic agents undergoing tests of efficacy in the treatment of various types of cancer. Renal-cell carcinoma of the clear-cell type is particularly important ...in this regard because of the evidence that mutations in the
VHL
gene result in stimulation of cellular receptors that promote angiogenesis and tumor growth. This trial found promising results with sunitinib in the treatment of metastatic renal-cell cancer.
Sunitinib is one of several new antiangiogenic agents undergoing tests of efficacy in the treatment of various types of cancer. This trial found promising results with sunitinib in the treatment of metastatic renal-cell cancer.
Renal-cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the kidney.
1
Up to 30% of patients with renal-cell carcinoma present with metastatic disease,
2
,
3
and recurrence develops in approximately 40% of patients treated for a localized tumor.
2
,
4
Since renal-cell carcinoma is highly resistant to chemotherapy, interleukin-2 or interferon alfa is widely used as first-line treatment of metastatic disease. Response rates with these cytokines are low (5 to 20%), and median overall survival is approximately 12 months.
5
–
9
Alternative treatments have been lacking for renal-cell carcinoma that is resistant to cytokines. In two recent uncontrolled trials, sunitinib malate, an antiangiogenic agent, . . .
This review details the clinical utility of Immunoscore, measuring the immune response to cancer within the tumor microenvironment, in bladder cancer. Immunoscore was recently introduced into ESMO ...Clinical Practice Guidelines for gastrointestinal cancer and into the WHO classification of the Digestive System Tumors. In muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), the standard-of-care treatment is neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and cystectomy. However, only 50% of the patients are still alive at 5 years. The degree of histologic response positively correlated with Immunoscore and patients at lower risk of relapse or death were associated with a high-Immunoscore. Immunoscore is also predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy-based treatment in several indications. This paves the way for the use of Immunoscore in clinical practice not only in gastrointestinal tumors but also in bladder cancer, and beyond.
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