Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is well known as a biocompatible, bioresorbable, and biodegradable polymer superior to petrochemical polymers from the standpoint of total energy consumption and life-cycle ...CO2 emission, since it can be obtained from natural sources. However, the brittleness of PLA is a big drawback for its wide application. Although many studies have been carried out modifying PLA, there is very limited work on reactive blending of PLA. This study demonstrates a dramatic improvement in the mechanical characteristics of PLA by its reactive blending with poly(ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA). It is shown that the interfacial reaction between the component polymers contributes to the formation of super-tough PLA materials, superior to benchmark acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) resins. The novel material highlights the importance of interface control in the preparation of multi-component materials.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The thermal conductive properties, including the thermal diffusivity and resultant thermal conductivity, of nonwoven nanocellulose sheets were investigated by separately measuring the thermal ...diffusivity of the sheets in the in-plane and thickness directions with a periodic heating method. The cross-sectional area (or width) of the cellulose crystallites was the main determinant of the thermal conductive properties. Thus, the results strongly indicate that there is a crystallite size effect on phonon conduction within the nanocellulose sheets. The results also indicated that there is a large interfacial thermal resistance between the nanocellulose surfaces. The phonon propagation velocity (i.e., the sound velocity) within the nanocellulose sheets was estimated to be ∼800 m/s based on the relationship between the thermal diffusivities and crystallite widths. The resulting in-plane thermal conductivity of the tunicate nanocellulose sheet was calculated to be ∼2.5 W/mK, markedly higher than other plastic films available for flexible electronic devices.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The direct oxidation of propylene to propylene oxide (PO) using molecular oxygen has many advantages over existing chlorohydrin and hydroperoxide process, which produce side products and require ...complex purification schemes. Recent advances in liquid-phase and gas-phase catalytic oxidation of propylene in the presence of only molecular oxygen as oxidant and in absence of reducing agents are summarized. Liquid-phase PO processes involving soluble or insoluble Mo, W, or V catalysts have been reported which provide moderate conversions and selectivities, but these likely involve autoxidation by homogeneous chain reactions. Gas-phase PO catalysts have been mostly Ag-, Cu-, or TiO
2
-based substances, although other compositions such as Au-, MoO
3
-, Bi-based catalysts and photocatalysts have also been suggested as possibilities. The Ag catalysts differ from those used for ethylene oxide production in having high Ag contents and numerous additives. The additives are solid-phase alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and halogens, with the most common substances being NaCl and CaCO
3
. Nitrogen oxides in the form of gas-phase species or nitrates have also been found to be effective in enhancing PO production. Direct epoxidation by surface nitrates is a possibility. Titania catalysts supported on silicates have also been reported. These have higher PO selectivities at high conversion than silver catalysts.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
We developed flexible polymeric “heat-guiding materials” by simply drawing bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogels to align the cellulose nanofibers and form “nanopapers” with anisotropic thermal ...conductivity. The in-plane anisotropy of thermal conductivity between the drawn and transverse directions increased as the draw ratio increased. For the drawn BC nanopapers, the coefficient of thermal expansion was found to be inversely correlated with the thermal diffusivity. We fabricated a planar spiral sheet by assembling the drawn BC strips to visualize the “heat flux controllability”. The coexistence of heat-diffusing and heat-insulating capacities within the single nanopaper plane could help to cool future thin electronics.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) is a high‐performance super‐engineering plastic, but is brittle. In this study, super‐tough PPS‐based blends were successfully generated by melt blending PPS with ...poly(ethylene‐ran‐methacrylate‐ran‐glycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA) and poly(phenylsulfone) (PPSU) at (56/14/30) PPS/EGMA/PPSU composition, and their toughening mechanisms were investigated in detail. It was demonstrated the interfacial reaction between PPS and EGMA and partial miscibility between PPS and PPSU, both play important synergistic roles on the toughening. The interfacial reaction between PPS and EGMA contributes to the reduction of the PPSU domain size by the increased viscosity of the PPS matrix containing EGMA, and the increased mobility of EGMA chains by negative pressure effect. The partial miscibility between PPS and PPSU contributes to the increased interfacial adhesion between PPS and PPSU, resulting in effective propagation of the impact to the domains, and the increased mobility of not only PPSU chains but also PPS chains, causing a reduction in crystallization.
The interfacial reaction between poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) (gray part) and poly(ethylene‐ran‐methacrylate‐ran‐glycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA) (dark gray part) contributes to the reduction of the poly(phenylsulfone) (PPSU) (white part) domain size by the increased viscosity of the PPS matrix containing EGMA, resulting in a drastically increase in impact strength at (56/14/30)PPS/EGMA/PPSU.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
ASC amino-acid transporter 2 (ASCT2) is a major glutamine transporter that has an essential role in tumour growth and progression. Although ASCT2 is highly expressed in various cancer cells, the ...clinicopathological significance of its expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear.
One hundred and four patients with surgically resected NSCLC were evaluated as one institutional cohort. Tumour sections were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for ASCT2, Ki-67, phospho-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), and CD34 to assess the microvessel density. Two hundred and four patients with NSCLC were also validated by IHC from an independent cohort.
ASC amino-acid transporter 2 was expressed in 66% of patients, and was closely correlated with disease stage, lymphatic permeation, vascular invasion, CD98, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and mTOR phosphorylation, particularly in patients with adenocarcinoma (AC). Moreover, two independent cohorts confirmed that ASCT2 was an independent marker for poor outcome in AC patients.
ASC amino-acid transporter 2 expression has a crucial role in the metastasis of pulmonary AC, and is a potential molecular marker for predicting poor prognosis after surgery.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Amino-acid transporters are necessary for the tumour cell growth and survival, and have a crucial role in the development and invasiveness of cancer cells. But, it remains unclear about the ...prognostic significance of L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1), system ASC amino-acid transporter-2 (ASCT2), and xCT expression in patients with tongue cancer. We conducted the clinicopathological study to investigate the protein expression of these amino-acid transporters in tongue cancer.
Eighty-five patients with surgically resected tongue cancer were evaluated. Tumour sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for LAT1, ASCT2, xCT, 4F2hc/CD98hc (4F2hc), Ki-67, and microvessel density (MVD) determined by CD34, and p53.
L-type amino-acid transporter 1 and 4F2hc were highly expressed in 61% (52 out of 85) and 45% (38 out of 47), respectively. ASC amino-acid transporter-2 and xCT were positively expressed in 59% (50 out of 85) and 21% (18 out of 85), respectively. The expression of both LAT1 and ASCT2 was significantly associated with disease staging, lymph-node metastasis, lymphatic permeation, 4F2hc expression and cell proliferation (Ki-67). xCT expression indicated a significant association with advanced stage and tumour factor. By univariate analysis, disease staging, lymphatic permeation, vascular invasion, LAT1, ASCT2, 4F2hc, and Ki-67 had a significant relationship with overall survival. Multivariate analysis confirmed that LAT1 was an independent prognostic factor for predicting poor prognosis.
L-type amino-acid transporter 1 and ASCT2 can serve as a significant prognostic factor for predicting worse outcome after surgical treatment and may have an important role in the development and aggressiveness of tongue cancer.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The expression of L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is tumour-specific and has been shown to have essential roles in cell growth and survival. However, little is known regarding the clinical ...significance of LAT1 expression in pancreatic cancer. This study was conducted to determine the prognostic significance of LAT1 expression.
A total of 97 consecutive patients with surgically resected pathological stage I-IV pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Tumour sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for LAT1, CD98, Ki-67 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microvessel density was determined by CD34 and p53.
L-type amino-acid transporter 1 and CD98 were highly expressed in 52.6% (51/97) and 56.7% (55/97) of cases, respectively (P=0.568). The expression of LAT1 within pancreatic cancer cells was significantly associated with disease stage, tumour size, Ki-67, VEGF, CD34, p53 and CD98. L-type amino-acid transporter 1 expression was confirmed to be a significant prognostic factor for predicting poor outcome by multivariate analysis.
L-type amino-acid transporter 1 expression is a promising pathological marker for the prediction of outcome in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•ZSM-5 additive was examined as a co-catalyst to FCC catalyst.•Organic liquid fraction increased and coke/char yield decreased in the presence of ZSM-5 additive.•Formation of CO2, CH4, and H2 ...decreased and C5s increased with higher levels of ZSM-5.•High quality bio-oils were produced with the FCC/ZSM-5 hybrid catalysts.•Reactor configuration affected the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass.
A fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) ZSM-5 based additive was used as a co-catalyst to Y-zeolite based FCC catalysts in the catalytic pyrolysis of hybrid poplar. Different proportions of ZSM5-based FCC additive and FCC catalysts were explored at 475°C and a weight hourly space velocity of 2h−1 in a 1-stage and a novel 2-stage bench scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The ZSM-5 additive in the FCC/ZSM-5 blends resulted in increased organic liquid fraction and decreased coke/char and gas yields. Formation of CO2, CH4, and H2 gases decreased and the generation of C5 hydrocarbons increased with increase in the levels of ZSM-5 additive. In comparison to the base FCC catalyst, the FCC/ZSM-5 hybrid catalysts produced bio-oils with relatively lower viscosities. The addition of ZSM-5 to the FCC catalyst enhanced the formation of aromatic compounds and decreased aliphatic hydrocarbons. Reactor configuration was found to influence the process in terms of product distribution and the physico-chemical properties of the bio-oils.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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