The derivation of abundances in gaseous nebulae ionized by massive stars using optical collisionally excited emission lines is studied in this work, comparing the direct or T
e method with updated ...grids of photoionization models covering a wide range of input conditions of O/H and N/O abundances and ionization parameter. The abundances in a large sample of compiled objects with at least one auroral line are re-derived and later compared with the χ2-weighted-mean abundances from the models. The agreement between the abundances using the two methods both for O/H and N/O is excellent with no additional assumptions about the geometry or physics governing the H ii regions. Although very inaccurate model-based O/H are obtained when no auroral lines are considered, this can be overcome assuming empirical laws between O/H, log U, and N/O to constrain the considered models. In this way, for 12+log(O/H) > 8.0, a precision better than 0.1 dex consistent with the direct method is attained. For very low Z, models give higher O/H values and a high dispersion, possibly owing to the contamination of the low-excitation emission lines. However, in this regime, the auroral lines are usually well detected. The use of this procedure, in a publicly available script, hii-chi-mistry, leads to the derivation of abundances in faint-/high-redshift objects consistent with the direct method based on collisionally excited lines.
ABSTRACT
We present here the second part of a project that aims at solving the controversy regarding the issue of the bar effect on the radial distribution of metals in the gas-phase of spiral ...galaxies. In Paper I, we presented a compilation of more than 2800 H ii regions belonging to 51 nearby galaxies for which we derived chemical abundances and radial abundance profiles from a homogeneous methodology. In this paper, we analyse the derived gas-phase radial abundance profiles of 12+log (O/H) and log (N/O), for barred and unbarred galaxies separately, and find that the differences in slope between barred and unbarred galaxies depend on galaxy luminosity. This is due to a different dependence of the abundance gradients (in dex kpc−1) on luminosity for the two types of galaxies: in the galaxy sample under consideration the gradients appear to be considerably shallower for strongly barred galaxies in the whole luminosity range, while profile slopes for unbarred galaxies become steeper with decreasing luminosity. Therefore, we only detect differences in slope for the lower luminosity (lower mass) galaxies (MB ≳ −19.5 or M* ≲ 1010.4 M⊙). We discuss the results in terms of the disc evolution and radial mixing induced by bars and spiral arms. Our results reconcile previous discrepant findings that were biased by the luminosity (mass) distribution of the sample galaxies and possibly by the abundance diagnostics employed.
ABSTRACT
Studies of gas-phase radial metallicity profiles in spirals published in the last decade have diminished the importance of galactic bars as agents that mix and flatten the profiles, ...contradicting results obtained in the 1990s. We have collected a large sample of 2831 published H ii region emission-line fluxes in 51 nearby galaxies, including objects both with and without the presence of a bar, with the aim of revisiting the issue of whether bars affect the radial metal distribution in spirals. In this first paper of a series of two, we present the galaxy and the H ii region samples. The methodology is homogeneous for the whole data sample and includes the derivation of H ii region chemical abundances, structural parameters of bars and discs, galactocentric distances, and radial abundance profiles. We have obtained O/H and N/O abundance ratios from the Te-based (direct) method for a subsample of 610 regions, and from a variety of strong-line methods for the whole H ii region sample. The strong-line methods have been evaluated in relation to the Te-based one from both a comparison of the derived O/H and N/O abundances for individual H ii regions and a comparison of the abundance gradients derived from both methodologies. The median value and the standard deviation of the gradient distributions depend on the abundance method, and those based on the O3N2 indicator tend to flatten the steepest profiles, reducing the range of observed gradients. A detailed analysis and discussion of the derived O/H and N/O radial abundance gradients and y-intercepts for barred and unbarred galaxies is presented in the companion Paper II. The whole H ii region catalogue including emission-line fluxes, positions, and derived abundances is made publicly available on the CDS VizieR facility, together with the radial abundance gradients for all galaxies.
ABSTRACT
We estimate chemical abundances and ionization parameters in the nuclear region of a sample of 143 galaxies from the Palomar Spectroscopic Survey, composed by star-forming galaxies (87), ...Seyferts 2 (16), and LINERs (40) using the hii-chi-mistry code. We also study for each spectral type the correlation of the derived quantities with other different properties of the host galaxies, such as morphology, stellar mass, luminosity, and mass of their supermassive black holes. The results obtained for star-forming galaxies are used to check the soundness of our methodology. Then, we replicate a similar study for our sample of AGN, distinguishing between Seyferts 2 and LINERs. We report a saturation of Oxygen abundances for the nuclear regions of SFG. The correlations between chemical abundances and their host galaxy properties for SFG are in good agreement with previous studies. We find that Seyferts 2 present slightly higher chemical abundances but this result must be reexamined in larger samples of Seyfert galaxies. In contrast, we obtain lower chemical abundances for LINERs than for SFG. We confirm these relatively lower abundances for another sample of infrared luminous LINERs in the same stellar mass range. Our analysis of AGNs (both LINERs and Seyferts) shows that their host galaxy properties are not correlated with our estimated chemical abundances.
ABSTRACT
Using new Very Large Telescope (VLT)/XShooter spectral observations we analyse the physical properties of five z ∼ 0.3–0.4 confirmed Lyman continuum (LyC) leakers. Strong resonant Mg ...ii λλ2796, 2803 Å emission lines (I(λλ2796, 2803)/I(Hβ) ≃ 10–38 per cent) and non-resonant Fe ii* λλ2612, 2626 Å emission lines are observed in spectra of five and three galaxies, respectively. We find high electron densities Ne ∼ 400 cm−3, significantly higher than in typical low-z, but comparable to those measured in z ∼ 2–3 star-forming galaxies (SFGs). The galaxies have a mean value of log N/O = –1.16, close to the maximum values found for SFGs in the metallicity range of 12 + log O/H ≃ 7.7–8.1. All 11 low-z LyC emitting galaxies found by Izotov et al., including the ones considered in this study, are characterized by high equivalent width (EW) (Hβ) ∼ 200–400 Å, high ionization parameter (log(U) = –2.5 to –1.7), high average ionizing photon production efficiency ξ = 1025.54 Hz erg−1, and hard ionizing radiation. On the Baldwin–Phillips–Terlevich (BPT) diagram we find the same offset of our leakers from low-z main-sequence SFGs as that for local analogues of Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) and extreme SFGs at z ∼ 2–3. We confirm the effectiveness of the He i emission lines diagnostics proposed by Izotov et al. in searching for LyC leaker candidates and find that their intensity ratios correspond to those in a median with low neutral hydrogen column density N(H i) = 1017–5 × 1017 cm−2 that permit leakage of LyC radiation, likely due to their density-bounded H ii regions.
We present deep broadband imaging and long-slit spectroscopy of three compact, low-mass starburst galaxies at redshift z ~ 0.2-0.3, also referred to as Green Peas (GP). We measure physical properties ...of the ionized gas and derive abundances for several species with high precision. We find that the three GPs display relatively low extinction, low oxygen abundances, and remarkably high nitrogen-to-oxygen ratios. We also report on the detection of clear signatures of Wolf-Rayet (W-R) stars in these galaxies. We carry out a pilot spectral synthesis study using a combination of both population and evolutionary synthesis models. Their outputs are in qualitative agreement, strongly suggesting a formation history dominated by starbursts. In agreement with the presence of W-R stars, these models show that these GPs currently undergo a major starburst producing between ~4% and ~20% of their stellar mass. However, as models imply, they are old galaxies that formed most of their stellar mass several Gyr ago. The presence of old stars has been spectroscopically verified in one of the galaxies by the detection of Mg I lambdalambda5167, 5173 absorption lines. Additionally, we perform a surface photometry study based on Hubble Space Telescope data, which indicates that the three galaxies possess an exponential low surface brightness envelope. If due to stellar emission, the latter is structurally compatible with the evolved hosts of luminous blue compact dwarf (BCD)/H II galaxies, suggesting that GPs are identifiable with major episodes in the assembly history of local BCDs. These conclusions highlight the importance of these objects as laboratories for studying galaxy evolution at late cosmic epochs.
ABSTRACT
We present maps for the electron temperature in the inner kpc of three luminous Seyfert galaxies: Mrk 79, Mrk 348, and Mrk 607 obtained from Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph-integral field ...unit observations at spatial resolutions of ∼110–280 pc. We study the distributions of electron temperature in active galaxies and find temperatures varying in the range from ∼8000 to $\gtrsim 30\, 000\,$K. Shocks due to gas outflows play an important role in the observed temperature distributions of Mrk 79 and Mrk 348, while standard photoionization models reproduce the derived temperature values for Mrk 607. In Mrk 79 and Mrk 348, we find direct evidence for shock ionization with overall orientation orthogonal to the ionization axis, where shocks can be easily observed as the active galactic nuclei radiation field is shielded by the nuclear dusty torus. This also indicates that even when the ionization cones are narrow, the shocks can be much wider angle.
ABSTRACT
Local star-forming galaxies show properties that are thought to differ from galaxies in the early Universe. Among them, the ionizing stellar populations and the gas geometry make the recipes ...designed to derive chemical abundances from nebular emission lines to differ from those calibrated in the Local Universe. A sample of 1969 extreme emission-line galaxies (EELGs) at a redshift 0 ≲ z ≲ 0.49, selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to be local analogues of high-redshift galaxies, was used to analyse their most prominent emission lines and to derive total oxygen abundances and nitrogen-to-oxygen ratios following the direct method in the ranges 7.7 < 12 + log(O/H) < 8.6 and –1.8 < log(N/O) < –0.8. They allow us to obtain new empirically calibrated strong-line methods and to evaluate other recipes based on photoionization models that can be later used for a chemical analysis of actively star-forming galaxies in very early stages of galaxy evolution. Our new relations are in agreement with others found for smaller samples of objects at higher redshifts. When compared with other relations calibrated in the local Universe, they differ when the employed strong-line ratio depends on the hardness of the ionizing radiation, such as O32 or Ne3O2, but they do not when the main dependence is on the ionization parameter, such as S23. In the case of strong-line ratios depending on N ii lines, the derivation of O/H becomes very uncertain due to the very high N/O values derived in this sample, above all in the low-metallicity regime. Finally, we adapt the Bayesian-like code H ii-chi-mistry for the conditions found in this kind of galaxies and we prove that it can be used to derive within errors both O/H and N/O, in consistency with the direct method.
Context.
Recent work presented increasing evidence of high non-constant S/O abundance ratios observed in star-forming metal-poor galaxies that deviated from the constant canonical S/O across a wide ...range of O/H abundances. Similar peculiarly high Fe/O ratios have also recently been detected.
Aims.
We investigate whether these high S/O ratios at low metallicities could be explained when the process of pair-instability supernovae (PISN) in chemical modelling is included, through which a similar behaviour of the Fe/O ratios was reproduced successfully.
Methods.
We used chemical evolution models that considered the stages of PISN in the previously published yields and adopted a suitable initial mass function (IMF) to characterize this evolutionary stage appropriately.
Results.
The peculiarly high values and the behaviour of the observed S/O versus O/H relation can be reproduced when the ejecta of very massive stars that go through the process of PISN are taken into account. Additionally, a bimodal top-heavy IMF and an initial strong burst of star formation are required to reach the reported high S/O values.
Conclusions.
We show that the role of very massive stars going through the process of PISN should be taken into account to explain the chemical enrichment of sulphur and oxygen in metal-poor star-forming regions.
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