The Religious Structure of the Romanian Population in 2011 by Counties and Geographical-Historical Provinces. Our study addresses the issue of religion, which is one of the essential geo-demographic ...structures in the study of the Romanian population. We were motivated by the fact that it was not possible to study this issue in the period of 1948-1989 since censuses did not include data on religion. The situation of religion has become more visible and individualized only since the last decade of the last century and afterwards once with the censuses of 1992 and 2002 up to present day. More broadly, this study examines the key aspects of denominational structure of the Romanian population, based on the census conducted on 20 October 2011 at national level, data being provided by the National Institute of Statistics. Our research work consisted in the collection and processing of statistical data, subsequently synthesised in tables and graphical material (three tables and three figures). Table 1 provides key comparative data on the general religious structure of the Romanian population registered at the censuses in 2002 and 2011. Table 2 is the main source of information of this study, revealing the religious structure and territorial distribution of the Romanian population in the geographical – historical provinces and counties in 2011. Table 3 is a synthesis in which we present the total population at county and provinces level as absolute data (digits) and rates in case of the five main religious denominations (i.e. Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Reformed, Pentecostal and Greek-Catholic, the remaining religious denominations being grouped into the category of Other religions and Atheists. The research results are also highlighted by three charts and maps, allowing for the easy tracking of the subject as a whole and territorially, at county level and in the geographical-historical provinces. In a brief presentation of the topic addressed it can be emphasized that the Romanian population recorded at the census in 2011 was of 20,121,641 inhabitants, of which 81.04 % Christian Orthodox, 4.33% Roman-Catholic, 2.99% Protestant, 1.80% Greek-Catholic, and 0.75% Pentecostal. The other 16 denominations (Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventists, Muslim, Unitarian, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Christian Evangelical, Christian of Old Rite, Lutheran Evangelical, Serbian Orthodox, Evangelical, Evangelical of Augustan Confession, Mosaic, Armenian, another religion, free of religion and atheists) hold only 2.83% of the population of our country. Approximately 6.26% of the population did not provide information on their religion (see tables 1, 2 and 3). Regarding the degree of representativeness of religious denominations in Romania, we conclude that the share of Orthodox religion population (81.04% of the 20,121,641 inhabitants of the country) expresses normality, given that on the one hand 6.26% of the registered population (1,259,739 persons) was included in the category of Unavailable Information, and on the other hand the difference of 12.7% (2,554,898 people) belongs to other 20 recorded religions, emphasizing that only the Roman-Catholic, Reformed and Pentecostal denominations registered a little over 1% (see table 1).
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The National Structure of the Romanian Population at the 20th of October 2011 Census. This is the third study regarding the national structure of the population of Romania. The first two approached ...the 1992 and 2002 censuses and were published in Studia UBB, Geographia, 2 (1991) and the Romanian Review of Political Geography (2004)2. On the census day, Romania had 20,121,641 inhabitants, of which 83.45% (16,792,868) are Romanians, while the other 16.55% belong to: Hungarians 6.10% (1,227,623 inhabitants), Gypsies 3.09% (621,573 people), other 18 national minorities (Ukrainians, Germans, Turks, Russian-Lipovans, Tartars, Serbs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Greek, Italians, Jews, Czechs, Poles, Chinese, Armenians, Csangos, Macedonians) and the category “other national groups” have together only 1.21% (242,767 inhabitants). There is also a category of people for which the information was ”unavailable”, totaling 6.15% (1,236,810 people) of the Romanian population (fig. 1). As requested to assess the essential issues of such a subject, one needs to analyze the distribution of the national minorities across Romania, at the level of the counties and the eight geographical-historical provinces of Romania: Transylvania, Moldavia, Dobrudja, Muntenia, Oltenia, Banat, Crişana and Maramureş. Generally, regarding the presence of the Romanian population, one notices the following situation at the level of the counties: in 18 counties of the total of 41 in Romania, the weight of the Romanian population is over 90%, including all the eight Moldavian counties (Bacău, Botoşani, Galaţi, Iaşi, Neamţ, Suceava, Vaslui, Vrancea), six out of the ten counties of Muntenia (Argeş, Brăila, Buzău, Dâmboviţa, Prahova, Teleorman) and four out of five counties of Oltenia (Dolj, Gorj, Olt, Vâlcea). The highest weight of Romanians is recorded in the counties of Gorj (94.17%) and Botoşani (94.08%). A weight between 80 and 90% was recorded in five out of the ten counties of Transylvania (Alba, Bistriţa-Năsăud, Braşov, Hunedoara, Sibiu), in both counties of Dobrudja (Constanţa, Tulcea), in four out of ten counties of Muntenia (Călăraşi, Giurgiu, Ialomiţa, Ilfov), one in Oltenia (Mehedinţi), two in Banat (Caraş-Severin, Timiş), and in the city of Bucharest. The other nine counties have a weight of 70-80% of Romanian population (Cluj, Arad, Maramureş), 60-70% (Sălaj, Bihor, Maramureş) and under 60% (Covasna 21.41%, Harghita 12.61%, Mureş 50.35%). The Hungarian national group has a weight of 6.10 % at national level and is present most of all in Transylvania, where it represents 21.56% of the population of this province (858,454 locuitori). The highest weight has been registered in the counties of Harghita (82.90%), Covasna (71.53%), Mureş (36.46%), Sălaj (22.36%) and Cluj (14.99%). Values above 15% have been also recoreded in the counties of Satu Mare (32.69%) and Bihor (24.02%). Compared to the situation of the counties in the center and western Romania, in the East, South-East and South the Hungarians are almost completely absent, as their weight is largely below 1%. The Gypsy population represents 3.09% (621,573 people) of the Romanian population and is present in all the 42 administrative units. One remarks a rather homogeneous distribution of the Gypsies, as their weight is higher than 5% in only a number of counties: Mureş (8.52%), Sălaj (6.69%), Dâmboviţa (5.27%), Giurgiu (5.41%), Ialomiţa (5.21%), Bihor (6.02%) and Satu Mare (5.05%). In all other counties, as well as at the level of provinces, the Gypsies have weights below 5%. All the other national minorities have together a weight of only 1.21% (242,767 people) of the Romanian population.They have weights between 1% and 7% in only ten of the Romanian counties: Sibiu, Suceava, Constanţa, Tulcea, Arad, Caraş-Severin, Timiş, Bihor, Satu Mare and Maramureş, and in four provinces out of eight. The analyzed census presents a peculiarity which did not exist before, the column entitled “Unavailable information”. For 6.15% of the Romanian population (1,236,819 people) the information regarding ethnicity was unavailable. At the level of the counties, in 14 cases this group represented less than 5%, in all other counties it represented between 5% and 10% while in the city of Bucharest the information was unavailable for 11.68% of the population.
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The Romanian Population by Gender and Age Groups in 2011. Following the previous studies on the demographic characteristics of the Romanian population, ethnicity and religion, this study covers the ...geodemographic issues of gender and age groups. As compared to the previous studies, our analysis covers these major population features in strong connection with the numerical evolution of the population, strongly determined by the socioeconomic background before 1990 and afterwards. We used the official data of the census in 2011 provided by the National Institute of Statistics. In order to create a representative picture of the Romanian population by gender and age groups, we employed the data illustrating the state of these two indicators in tables and maps. As compared to the values registered in 1992, the Romanian population in 2011 registered a decrease of 11.79%, relatively balanced in terms of gender structure, the male population holding a share of 48.65% and the female population, a share of 51.35%. The age structure also reveals a relative balance between active adult population (56.32%) and the young and old population, together holding a share of 43.68%. Spatially, the structure of the Romanian population by gender and age structure, show differences at county level and also at a larger scale.
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We assessed knee extensor neuromuscular adjustments following repeated treadmill sprints in different normobaric hypoxia conditions, with special reference to rapid muscle torque production capacity. ...Thirteen team- and racquet-sport athletes undertook 8 × 5-s "all-out" sprints (passive recovery = 25 s) on a non-motorized treadmill in normoxia (NM; FiO2 = 20.9%), at low (LA; FiO2 = 16.8%) and high (HA; FiO2 = 13.3%) normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitudes of ~1800 m and ~3600 m, respectively). Explosive (~1 s; "fast" instruction) and maximal (~5 s; "hard" instruction) voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) of the knee extensors (KE), with concurrent electromyographic (EMG) activity recordings of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles, were performed before and 1-min post-exercise. Rate of torque development (RTD) and EMG (i.e., Root Mean Square or RMS) rise from 0 to 30, -50, -100, and -200 ms were recorded, and were also normalized to maximal torque and EMG values, respectively. Distance covered during the first 5-s sprint was similar (P > 0.05) in all conditions. A larger (P < 0.05) sprint decrement score and a shorter (P < 0.05) cumulated distance covered over the eight sprints occurred in HA (-8 ± 4% and 178 ± 11 m) but not in LA (-7 ± 3% and 181 ± 10 m) compared to NM (-5 ± 2% and 183 ± 9 m). Compared to NM (-9 ± 7%), a larger (P < 0.05) reduction in MVC torque occurred post-exercise in HA (-14 ± 9%) but not in LA (-12 ± 7%), with no difference between NM and LA (P > 0.05). Irrespectively of condition (P > 0.05), peak RTD (-6 ± 11%; P < 0.05), and normalized peak RMS activity for VL (-8 ± 11%; P = 0.07) and RF (-14 ± 11%; P < 0.01) muscles were reduced post-exercise, whereas reductions (P < 0.05) in absolute RTD occurred within the 0-100 (-8 ± 9%) and 0-200 ms (-10 ± 8%) epochs after contraction onset. After normalization to MVC torque, there was no difference in RTD values. Additionally, the EMG rise for VL muscle was similar (P > 0.05), whereas it increased (P < 0.05) for RF muscle during all epochs post-exercise, independently of the conditions. In summary, alteration in repeated-sprint ability and post-exercise MVC decrease were greater at high altitude than in normoxia or at low altitude. However, the post-exercise alterations in RTD were similar between normoxia and low-to-high hypoxia.
This study was designed to examine the effects of cycling position (seated or standing) during level-ground and uphill cycling on gross external efficiency (GE) and economy (EC).
Eight well-trained ...cyclists performed in a randomized order five trials of 6-min duration at 75% of peak power output either on a velodrome or during the ascent of a hill in seated or standing position. GE and EC were calculated by using the mechanical power output that was measured by crankset (SRM) and energy consumption by a portable gas analyzer (Cosmed K4b(2)). In addition, each subject performed three 30-s maximal sprints on a laboratory-based cycle ergometer or in the field either in seated or standing position.
GE and EC were, respectively, 22.4 +/- 1.5% (CV = 5.6%) and 4.69 +/- 0.33 kJ x L(-1) (CV = 5.7%) and were not different between level seated, uphill seated, or uphill standing conditions. Heart rate was significantly ( < 0.05) higher in standing position. In the uphill cycling trials, minute ventilation was higher ( < 0.05) in standing than in seated position. The average 30-s power output was higher ( < 0.01) in standing (803 +/- 103 W) than in seated position (635 +/- 123 W) or on the stationary ergometer (603 +/- 81 W).
Gradient or body position appears to have a negligible effect on external efficiency in field-based high-intensity cycling exercise. Greater short-term power can be produced in standing position, presumably due to a greater force developed per revolution. However, the technical features of the standing position may be one of the most determining factors affecting the metabolic responses.
Abstract
Computer assisted orthopaedic surgery (CAOS) technology has recently been introduced to overcome problems resulting from acetabular component malpositioning in total hip arthroplasty. ...Available navigation modules can conceptually be categorized as computer tomography (CT) based, fluoroscopy based, or image-free. The current study presents a comprehensive accuracy analysis on the computer assisted placement accuracy of acetabular cups. It combines analyses using mathematical approaches, in vitro testing environments, and an in vivo clinical trial. A hybrid navigation approach combining image-free with fluoroscopic technology was chosen as the best compromise to CT-based systems. It introduces pointer-based digitization for easily assessable points and bi-planar fluoroscopy for deep-seated landmarks. From the in vitro data maximum deviations were found to be 3.6° for inclination and 3.8° for anteversion relative to a pre-defined test position. The maximum difference between intraoperatively calculated cup inclination and anteversion with the postoperatively measured position was 4° and 5°, respectively. These data coincide with worst cases scenario predictions applying a statistical simulation model. The proper use of navigation technology can reduce variability of cup placement well within the surgical safe zone. Surgeons have to concentrate on a variety of error sources during the procedure, which may explain the reported strong learning curves for CAOS technologies.
Large firms develop strategies in the context of increasingly intense international competition. However, the impact of foreign competition on firm boundaries has received surprisingly little ...research attention to date. Florian Gröne provides a systematic assessment of mounting import and FDI pressure's influence on large US and German enterprises and explains how and why firms change their product scope, geographic footprint, and value chain configuration as a result.
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Recent results obtained in our laboratories on interlayer exchange coupling of Fe films across interlayers of iron silicides, Fe1-xSix with x = 0.5-1, are reviewed. Samples are prepared by molecular ...beam epitaxy and characterized by means of low-energy electron diffraction and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Coupling across interlayers of iron silicide with x #~ 0.5 is found to be oscillatory with a strength of the order of 1 mJ m-2, and across well ordered Si interlayers (nominally x = 1) the coupling is exponentially decaying. In the latter case the maximum coupling turns out to be surprisingly strong ( > 6 mJ m-2), in particular considering the fact that the electrical resistivity is found to be large. Current-voltage curves for currents across the interlayers are characteristic of electron tunnelling. Soft-x-ray emission and near-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy further support a semiconducting nature for the nominally pure Si interlayers.
Mathematics as a production factor or driving force for innovation? Those, who want to know and understand why mathematics is deeply involved in the design of products, the layout of production ...processes and supply chains will find this book an indispensable and rich source. Describing the interplay between mathematical and engineering sciences the book focusses on questions like How can mathematics improve to the improvement of technological processes and products? What is happening already? Where are the deficits? What can we expect for the future? 19 articles written by mixed teams of authors of engineering, industry and mathematics offer a fascinating insight of the interaction between mathematics and engineering. TOC:Introduction. Processes. Predictive Planning and Systematic Action - On the Control of Technical Processes.- Data Compression, Process Optimization, Aerodynamics: A Tour Through the Scales.- Active Flow Control - A Mathematical Challenge.- Data Mining for the Category Management in the Retail Market.- Networks. Planning Problems in Public Transit.- Towards More Intelligence in Logistics with Mathematics.- Optimization of Communication Networks.- Mathematics in Wireless Communications.- Mathematics of Chip Design.- Materials and Mechanics. Chances and Visions of Advanced Mechanics.- Mathematics for Machine Tools and Factory Automation.- Production and Use of Novel Materials.- Topology and Dynamic Networks: Optimization with Application in Future Technologies.- Energy and Structural Engineering. Capacity Planning and Scheduling in Electrical Power Systems and in Chemical and Metallurgical Production Plants.- Simulation-Based Optimization in Structural Engineering - New Concepts from Computer Science.- Object-Oriented Modelling for Simulation and Control of Energy Transformation Processes.- Design Tools for Energy Efficient Architecture.- Medicine. More Mathematics into Medicine!- Compounds, Drugs and Mathematical Image Processing.- Contributors.
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The level of fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry, is assumed to reflect the developmental instability (DI) of an organism. Because environmental ...and genetic stress may increase DI, FA has been used to assess the level of stress experienced by, for example, fish. In this study, left–right asymmetry of lapillar otoliths was related to nutritional condition as estimated from RNA/DNA ratios, in order to investigate the utility of FA to detect feeding-related stress in Baltic cod, Gadus morhua L., larvae. Cod larvae in intermediate and good nutritional condition showed similar values of FA, and these were more symmetric than for larvae in poor condition. As increased levels of FA were restricted to larvae in a condition comparable to that of larvae experiencing at least 3 days of starvation in laboratory experiments, it is suggested that FA is an insensitive indicator of short-term feeding success of larval cod. However, FA can be used to reveal severely starved larva populations and probably also populations that have been subjected to prolonged sub-optimal feeding conditions.
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