This paper aims at investigating the role of different types of proximity on the technological activity of a region within the context of a knowledge production function, where R&D expenditure and ...human capital are the main internal inputs. We thus assess to what extent the creation of new ideas in a certain region is enhanced by knowledge flows coming from proximate regions. In particular, we examine in detail different kinds of proximity by combining the usual geographical dimension with the institutional, technological, social and organizational proximity. The analysis is implemented for an ample dataset referring to 276 regions in 29 European countries (EU27 plus Norway, Switzerland) over the last decade. Results show that human capital and R&D are clearly essential for innovative activity with the former being much more effective in driving the production of knowledge. As for the proximity and network effects, we find that technological proximity outperforms the geographic one, whilst a limited role is played by social and organizational networks. As a result, the first policy message is that European regions still need to focus on policies aimed at increasing the endowments of well-educated labour force and therefore their knowledge base. Furthermore, we need innovation policies based on each region's specific innovation potential, due to the existing differences in geographical, cognitive, institutional, social and organizational structures and networks.
•We investigate the role of different types of proximity on regional innovative activity.•We assess the relative importance of geographical and other dimension of proximity.•Geography is important but less than technological and cognitive proximity.•Social and organizational networks are also relevant although their role is modest.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
This article investigates the effect of geographical, industrial, organizational and institutional proximity on the probability that any two firms located in Italy engage in a mergers and ...acquisitions (M&A) deal. Within a logistic rare event framework, we investigate 4261 actual deals completed over the period 2000–2011 and around 3.8 million potential deals. We find robust evidence that all forms of proximity have a positive effect, especially industrial relatedness. Moreover, we find evidence that proximities generate asymmetric effects on M&A deals, depending on the location of bidders and targets and on whether some specific individual characteristics are featured by the acquirer or by the target firm.
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Given the importance of tourism as a catalyst for local economic growth, the identification of tourist flows determinants is also important. This paper reports results from an econometric study of ...tourism flows for the 107 Italian provinces based on origin–destination (OD) spatial interaction models. In addition to distance, the set of explanatory variables includes both pull and push characteristics to assess their relative roles in determining the attractiveness of the provinces to tourists. Hence measures are incorporated for income, density, accessibility, and natural, cultural and recreational attractions. The main results indicate the importance of spatial dependency induced by neighbouring provinces as both origins of, and destinations for trips, a factor commonly overlooked by previous contributions relying on the gravity specification. Inter-neighbouring interactive effects are thus important, and most explanatory variables exhibit the expected effect, with distance and population density showing a negative impact on tourists' decisions when choosing a specific destination, while income, accessibility and attractions are crucial determinants of tourism flows.
► Analysis of demand and supply determinants of domestic tourism flows in Italian provinces. ► Application of spatial econometric interaction model for origin-destination dependence. ► Neighbouring territories highly influence determinants of domestic tourism. ► Less crowded destinations with natural, cultural and recreational amenities attract tourism flows. ► Managers and public institutions at local and national levels should integrate firms' strategies and tourism policies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of various proximity dimensions on the innovative capacity of 276 regions in Europe within a knowledge production function model, where R&D and ...human capital are included as the main internal inputs. We combine the standard geographical proximity with the technological, social and organizational ones to assess whether they are substitutes or complements in channelling knowledge spillovers. Results show that all proximities have a significant complementary role in generating an important flow of knowledge across regions, with technological closeness showing the most important effect.
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We assess the effect of the main determinants of tourist expenditure by applying both linear and quantile regression models to individual micro data collected by a survey addressed to non-resident ...tourists who spent their holidays in Sardinia during the period April–October 2012. We find that, in addition to income and foreign nationality, tourist expenditure is crucially driven by trip-related (party size, stay length, accommodation, sea and sun typology and transport modality) and psychographic characteristics (repeated visits and holiday motivations). Moreover, our results indicate that the effects vary with respect to the expenditure component and the level of spending, thus confirming the high complexity of the tourism product. Higher positive effects were found for heavy spenders in the case of foreign nationality, previous visits and notoriety-motivated holidays, while party size and the number of visited sites contribute to reducing the level of expenditure for light-spending tourists.
•Linear and quantile regression analysis of individual tourist spending survey data.•Large set of variables accounts for tourism product high degree of differentiation.•Evidence provided on the high complexity of the tourism product.•Income, foreigners, trip and psychographic variables relevant spending determinants.•Relevant difference in spending behavior between light and heavy-spending tourists.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
7.
Tourism and regional growth in Europe Paci, Raffaele; Marrocu, Emanuela
Papers in regional science,
November 2014, Volume:
93, Issue:
S1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The paper analyses the impact of domestic and international tourism on the economic growth process for 179 European regions. The econometric analysis is based on a spatial growth regression framework ...where the rate of GDP per capita growth at the regional level for the period 1999–2009 depends on tourism flows, in addition to the traditional growth variables. Besides controlling for initial conditions, we also include a wide set of covariates to account for the endowment of human and technological capital and for the geographical, social and institutional features of the regions. The results, confirmed by several robustness checks, demonstrate that regional growth is positively affected by domestic and international tourism.
Resumen
Este artículo analiza el impacto del turismo nacional e internacional en el proceso de crecimiento económico para 179 regiones europeas. El análisis econométrico se basa en un marco de regresión de crecimiento espacial en el que la tasa del PIB per cápita de crecimiento a nivel regional entre 1999 y 2009 depende de flujos turísticos, además de las variables de crecimiento tradicionales. Además del control de las condiciones iniciales, también incluimos un amplio conjunto de covariables con las que tener en cuenta la dotación de capital humano y tecnológico y las características geográficas, sociales e institucionales de las regiones. Los resultados, confirmados por varias pruebas de robustez, demuestran que el crecimiento regional se ve afectado positivamente por el turismo nacional e internacional.
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DOBA, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study analyses tourists' stated loyalty to a tourism destination within a multidimensional framework and with various definitions of loyalty. The empirical data were collected via a survey ...administered at the end of a trip at the main ports and airports on the island of Sardinia during the low and high seasons, in 2012. A logit specification is employed to estimate the factors influencing loyalty, defined as both the unconditional and conditional probability of returning to Sardinia. The empirical findings highlight that overall satisfaction and several satisfaction items are key determinants of the stated loyalty. Also, the past loyalty to the destination is a significant factor that positively influences future behaviour. The same factors also affect recommendation to visit the destination.
•Tourists' “stated” loyalty to a tourism destination (Sardinia, Italy).•A multidimensional framework and comprehensive definitions of loyalty.•Stratified survey data collected during the low and high seasons of 2012.•Logit to estimate factors influencing probability of a return and recommend.•Past loyalty as a significant factor that positively influences future behaviour.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Dettori B., Marrocu E. and Paci R. Total factor productivity, intangible assets and spatial dependence in the European regions, Regional Studies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the determinants ...of the efficiency levels across the European regions. Firstly, a regression-based measure of regional total factor productivity is derived by estimating a spatial Cobb-Douglas production function. Secondly, the role played by intangible factors (human capital, social capital and technological capital) on total factor productivity levels is investigated by applying the spatial two-stage least-squares (2SLS) method and the spatial heteroskedasticy and correlation consistent (SHAC) estimator to account for both heteroskedasticity and spatial autocorrelation. It turns out that a large part of total factor productivity differences across the European regions is explained by disparities in the endowments of these intangible assets.
Dettori B., Marrocu E. and Paci R. 欧洲地区总要素生产力、无形资产以及空间依赖，区域研究。本文旨在分析欧洲区域决定其效率等级的不同要素。首先，通过估测空间生产职能本研究对区域总要素生产力进行了基于回归的测量。其次，通过应用空间两阶段最小二乘算法 （2SLS）以及考虑了异方差以及空间自相关的SHAC估算，研究考察了无形要素（人力资本、社会资本以及技术资本）对于总要素生产力水平的影响。
总要素生产力 人力资本 社会资本 技术 欧洲
Dettori B., Marrocu E. et Paci R. La productivité des facteurs de production globaux, les immobilisations incorporelles et la dépendance géographique dans les régions européennes, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à analyser les déterminants des niveaux d'efficacité à travers les régions européennes. Primo, on établit une mesure de la productivité des facteurs de production globaux basée sur la régression en estimant une fonction de production géographique du type Cobb-Douglas. Secundo, on examine le rôle joué par les immobilisations incorporelles (à savoir, le capital humain, le capital social et le capital technologique) sur les niveaux de la productivité des facteurs de production globaux en appliquant la méthode géographique des moindres carrés à deux degrés (appelée 2SLS) et l'estimation SHAC pour tenir compte à la fois de l'hétéroscédasticité et de l'autocorrélation géographique. Il s'avère qu'une part non-négligeable des écarts de la productivité des facteurs de production globaux à travers les régions européennes s'explique par des disparités de la dotation de ces immobilisations incorporelles.
Productivité des facteurs de production globaux Capital humain Capital social Technologie Europe
Dettori B., Marrocu E. und Paci R. Gesamtfaktorproduktivität, immaterielle Vermögenswerte und räumliche Abhängigkeit in den europäischen Regionen, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag werden die Determinanten des Effizienzniveaus in verschiedenen europäischen Regionen analysiert. Zu Beginn wird ein regressionsbasierter Maßstab der regionalen Gesamtfaktorproduktivität durch Schätzung einer räumlichen Cobb-Douglas-Produktionsfunktion abgeleitet. Anschließend wird die Rolle von immateriellen Faktoren (Humankapital, Sozialkapital und technologisches Kapital) für das Niveau der Gesamtfaktorproduktivität untersucht, indem die Methoden der räumlichen zweistufigen Kleinstquadrat-Schätzung (2SLS) und des SHAC-Schätzers angewandt werden, um sowohl die Heteroskedastizität als auch die räumliche Autokorrelation zu berücksichtigen. Es stellt sich heraus, dass sich ein Großteil der Unterschiede bei der Gesamtfaktorproduktivität in den verschiedenen europäischen Regionen auf Disparitäten hinsichtlich der Ausstattung mit diesen immateriellen Vermögenswerten zurückführen lässt.
Gesamtfaktorproduktivität Humankapital Sozialkapital Technologie Europa
Dettori B., Marrocu E. y Paci R. Productividad total de factores, activos intangibles y dependencia espacial en las regiones europeas, Regional Studies. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los determinantes de los niveles de eficacia en las regiones europeas. En primer lugar, derivamos una medición basada en la regresión de la productividad total de los factores regionales al calcular una función espacial de producción Cobb-Douglas. En segundo lugar, analizamos el papel desempeñado por los factores intangibles (capital humano, capital social y capital tecnológico) sobre los niveles de productividad total de los factores aplicando el método espacial de mínimos cuadrados en dos etapas (2SLS) y el estimador SHAC para tener en cuenta la heteroscedasticidad y la autocorrelación espacial. Parece ser que una gran parte de las diferencias en la productividad total de los factores en la regiones europeas se explica por las desigualdades en las dotaciones de estos activos intangibles.
Productividad total de los factores Capital humano Capital social Tecnología Europa
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Abstract
This paper investigates the role played by public capital on the production level of Italian regions by specifically accounting for the quality of institutions. Our analysis, carried out ...over the period 2000–2019, benefits from a rich data set on public expenditures. This allows us to build the regional public capital stock by distinguishing among public institutions in charge of the investments and sectors of intervention. While controlling for several contextual variables (human capital, technological capital, and population density), the main results show that public capital has a positive and significant effect on production. Most interestingly, looking at Mezzogiorno's regions, public capital carried out by local institutions turns out to have a lower impact than in the rest of the Italian regions. On the other hand, central bodies in the South exhibit an impact higher than the average. Moreover, institutions' quality exhibits a positive and significant effect on regional economic performance. These results cast serious doubts about the local Southern administrations' capacity to effectively manage the National Recovery and Resilience Plan's enormous resources and the new European Union cohesion framework 2021–2027. Our results are also relevant for other European regions that, featuring structural traits similar to Southern Italian regions, are expected to face the same difficulties in managing public funding.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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