Pri zdravljenju bolnih novorojenčkov si zdravstveno osebje lahko pomaga z ocenjevalnimi lestvicami, ki omogočajo zgo-dnjo prepoznavo različnih bolezenskih stanj in vrednotenje otrokovega ...zdravstvenega stanja. Z redno uporabo ocenjevalnih lestvic v kliničnem okolju vplivamo na poenoteno oskrbo, preprečujemo kratkoročne in dolgoročne posledice bolezni ter ugodno vplivamo na kakovost zdravljenja in izid bolezni.
In modern agriculture, besides providing high and stable yields, it is imperative to produce products with a high nutritive quality. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of different ...fertilization regimes on the macro- and micronutrients in beetroot. A 3-year field trial was set up according to a Latin square method with four types of fertilization (unfertilized control, 50 t stable manure ha-1, and 500 and 1,000 kg NPK 5-20-30 ha-1). The mineral content was determined as follows (mg 100 g-1 in fresh weight of beetroot): 14-29 P, 189-354 K, 18-34 Ca, 17-44 Mg, 0.67-1.83 Fe, 0.41-0.65 Mn and 0.28-0.44 Zn. The highest beetroot P content was determined for the treatment with stable manure, especially in a year with dry climatic conditions. The highest beetroot K content was determined for the treatment with 1,000 kg NPK 5-20-30 ha-1, but at the same time for the same treatment, a general decreasing trend of micronutrient content was determined, due to the possible antagonistic effect of added potassium. For better mineral status of beetroot, application of combined mineral and organic fertilizers supplemented with additional foliar application of micronutrients can be suggested.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The human ABO(H) blood group antigens are produced by specific glycosyltransferase enzymes. An N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GTA) uses a UDP-GalNAc donor to convert the H-antigen acceptor to the ...A antigen, whereas a galactosyltransferase (GTB) uses a UDP-galactose donor to convert the H-antigen acceptor to the B antigen. GTA and GTB differ only in the identity of four critical amino acid residues. Crystal structures at 1.8-1.32 Å resolution of the GTA and GTB enzymes both free and in complex with disaccharide H-antigen acceptor and UDP reveal the basis for donor and acceptor specificity and show that only two of the critical amino acid residues are positioned to contact donor or acceptor substrates. Given the need for stringent stereo- and regioselectivity in this biosynthesis, these structures further demonstrate that the ability of the two enzymes to distinguish between the A and B donors is largely determined by a single amino acid residue.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The final step in the enzymatic synthesis of the ABO(H) blood group A and B antigens is catalyzed by two closely related glycosyltransferases, an α-(1→3)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GTA) and ...an α-(1→3)-galactosyltransferase (GTB). Of their 354 amino acid residues, GTA and GTB differ by only four “critical” residues. High resolution structures for GTB and the GTA/GTB chimeric enzymes GTB/G176R and GTB/G176R/G235S bound to a panel of donor and acceptor analog substrates reveal “open,” “semi-closed,” and “closed” conformations as the enzymes go from the unliganded to the liganded states. In the open form the internal polypeptide loop (amino acid residues 177-195) adjacent to the active site in the unliganded or H antigen-bound enzymes is composed of two α-helices spanning Arg180-Met186 and Arg188-Asp194, respectively. The semi-closed and closed forms of the enzymes are generated by binding of UDP or of UDP and H antigen analogs, respectively, and show that these helices merge to form a single distorted helical structure with alternating α-310-α character that partially occludes the active site. The closed form is distinguished from the semi-closed form by the ordering of the final nine C-terminal residues through the formation of hydrogen bonds to both UDP and H antigen analogs. The semi-closed forms for various mutants generally show significantly more disorder than the open forms, whereas the closed forms display little or no disorder depending strongly on the identity of residue 176. Finally, the use of synthetic analogs reveals how H antigen acceptor binding can be critical in stabilizing the closed conformation. These structures demonstrate a delicately balanced substrate recognition mechanism and give insight on critical aspects of donor and acceptor specificity, on the order of substrate binding, and on the requirements for catalysis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Mediterranean area is especially rich in old, both sweet and pungent, varieties of onion. The synthesis of phytochemicals takes place concurrently with the overall development and maturation of ...vegetables; however, it is unclear whether there is a correlation between onion bulb size and antioxidant compound content, antioxidant capacity, and nutritional parameters and what the origin of these variations is. The aim of this work was to investigate the biochemical and nutritional aspects of the sweet onion landrace “Premanturska kapula”, as well as to investigate the influence of onion bulb size on onion phytochemical and nutritional profile. The sweet onion landrace “Premanturska kapula” has a high soluble sugar content, a high antioxidant capacity, and a high phenolic compound content. Quercetin-3,4′-diglucoside and quercetin-4′-glucoside were the major flavonols, while protocatehuic acid was the major phenolic acid detected. The choice of onion bulb size can impact the profile of the sugars present, with large bulb sizes favoring higher sucrose and fructooligosaccharides content compared to small bulb sizes which were more abundant in glucose. The total sugars or bulb dry matter were not affected by bulb size. Phenolic compounds were more abundant in smaller bulb sizes, thus indicating a link between bulb development and phenolic compound allocation within the plant. This link possibly derived from agronomic practices such as bare-root transplants, or even open pollination which causes a broader genetic variability. From a consumer perspective, it can be a choice between the small and medium bulb sizes on one hand, which are more abundant in polyphenolics and simple sugars, or on the other hand, the larger bulbs which are more abundant in fructooligosaccharides known to carry excellent health benefits.
Blood group A and B antigens are carbohydrate structures that are synthesized by glycosyltransferase enzymes. The final step
in B antigen synthesis is carried out by an α1â3 galactosyltransferase ...(GTB) that transfers galactose from UDP-Gal to type
1 or type 2, αFuc1â2βGal-R (H)-terminating acceptors. Similarly the A antigen is produced by an α1â3 N -acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that transfers N -acetylgalactosamine from UDP-GalNAc to H-acceptors. Human α1â3 N -acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and GTB are highly homologous enzymes differing in only four of 354 amino acids (R176G, G235S,
L266M, and G268A). Single crystal x-ray diffraction studies have shown that the latter two of these amino acids are responsible
for the difference in donor specificity, while the other residues have roles in acceptor binding and turnover. Recently a
novel cis-AB allele was discovered that produced A and B cell surface structures. It had codons corresponding to GTB with a single point
mutation that replaced the conserved amino acid proline 234 with serine. Active enzyme expressed from a synthetic gene corresponding
to GTB with a P234S mutation shows a dramatic and complete reversal of donor specificity. Although this enzyme contains all
four âcriticalâ amino acids associated with the production of blood group B antigen, it preferentially utilizes the blood
group A donor UDP-GalNAc and shows only marginal transfer of UDP-Gal. The crystal structure of the mutant reveals the basis
for the shift in donor specificity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The sensory properties of fruit and vegetables are a result of taste and aroma caused by many volatile and nonvolatile compounds. The sum of organic acids (malic and citric acids) and soluble sugars ...(fructose and glucose), as well as their balanced combination and interaction, contributes to the characterization of the tomato flavour. The ratio of sugars and organic acids is the key to the sweetness and sourness of tomatoes. This study aimed to determine the sugar and organic acid content, as well as several physicochemical parameters, of eight tomato landraces from Croatia. All the parameters investigated differed between the tomato landraces. The PLS-DA analysis showed that the most important parameters in tomato landrace discriminatory character are malic acid, fructooligosaccharide content, citric acid, dry matter. The results obtained show a significant positive correlation between tomato dry matter and sugar content. At the same time, fructose and sucrose content is negatively correlated with the green to red hue of tomato peel, as well as positively with the blue to yellow hue, indicating that the sugar content increases with yellow color intensity. The blue to yellow hue of the peel color also positively correlates with citric acid content.
Soil is a non-renewable resource, so it should be taken care of it. High quality food with sufficient yield for a growing human population can be produced only if plant nutrients are added to the ...soil by fertilizers to increase soil fertility, but the fertilizers have to be used economically, with the aim of raising the nutrient content available in the soil in order to meet plants' needs. The goal of the present investigation was to determine the effect of application of organic and mineral fertilizers as well as the effect of research environment on micronutrient content in red beet root. A field trial (2003-2005) was set up in a hilly part of Croatia according to the Latin square method, with four types of fertilization (control, 50 t stable manure*ha.sup.-1, 500 and 1,000 kg NPK 5-20-30*ha.sup.-1). After digestion of plant material with concentrated HNO.sub.3, iron, manganese, and zinc were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The highest average red beet root micronutrient contents (270 mg Fe*kg.sup.-1 in dry matter, 96 mg Zn*kg.sup.-1 in dry matter, and 53 mg Mn*kg.sup.-1 in dry matter) were determined in the first research environment (Braljevica in 2003) with low potassium soil content. There was a general decreasing trend in contents of the studied micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) with NPK 5-20-30 fertilization (and by application of high doses of potassium), certainly due to antagonistic activity with potassium. It is suggested to fertilize with both 500 kg NPK 5-20-30*ha.sup.-1 and microelement fertilizers.
The human ABO(H) blood group A and B antigens are generated by the homologous glycosyltransferases A (GTA) and B (GTB), which add the monosaccharides GalNAc and Gal, respectively, to the cell-surface ...H antigens. In the first comprehensive structural study of the recognition by a glycosyltransferase of a panel of substrates corresponding to acceptor fragments, 14 high resolution crystal structures of GTA and GTB have been determined in the presence of oligosaccharides corresponding to different segments of the type I (α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-β-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-GlcNAcp-OR, where R is a glycoprotein or glycolipid in natural acceptors) and type II (α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-β-d-GlcNAcp-OR) H antigen trisaccharides. GTA and GTB differ in only four “critical” amino acid residues (Arg/Gly-176, Gly/Ser-235, Leu/Met-266, and Gly/Ala-268). As these enzymes both utilize the H antigen acceptors, the four critical residues had been thought to be involved strictly in donor recognition; however, we now report that acceptor binding and subsequent transfer are significantly influenced by two of these residues: Gly/Ser-235 and Leu/Met-266. Furthermore, these structures show that acceptor recognition is dominated by the central Gal residue despite the fact that the l-Fuc residue is required for efficient catalysis and give direct insight into the design of model inhibitors for GTA and GTB.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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