Adsorption is one of the widely used processes in the chemical industry environmental application. As compared to mathematical models proposed to describe batch adsorption in terms of isotherm and ...kinetic behavior, insufficient models are available to describe and predict fixed-bed or column adsorption, though the latter one is the main option in practical application. The present review first provides a brief summary on basic concepts and mathematic models to describe the mass transfer and isotherm behavior of batch adsorption, which dominate the column adsorption behavior in nature. Afterwards, the widely used models developed to predict the breakthrough curve, i.e., the general rate models, linear driving force (LDF) model, wave propagation theory model, constant pattern model, Clark model, Thomas model, Bohart-Adams model, Yoon-Nelson model, Wang model, Wolborska model, and modified dose-response model, are briefly introduced from the mechanism and mathematical viewpoint. Their basic characteristics, including the advantages and inherit shortcomings, are also discussed. This review could help those interested in column adsorption to reasonably choose or develop an accurate and convenient model for their study and practical application.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Adsorption is one of the most widely applied techniques for environmental remediation. Its kinetics are of great significance to evaluate the performance of a given adsorbent and gain insight into ...the underlying mechanisms. There are lots of references available concerning adsorption kinetics, and several mathematic models have been developed to describe adsorption reaction and diffusion processes. However, these models were frequently employed to fit the kinetic data in an unsuitable or improper manner. This is mainly because the boundary conditions of the associated models were, to a considerable extent, ignored for data modeling. Here we reviewed several widely-used adsorption kinetic models and paid more attention to their boundary conditions. We believe that the review is of certain significance and improvement for adsorption kinetic modeling.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Although human IgG heavy chain genes encode a C-terminal lysine, this residue is mostly absent from the endogenous antibodies isolated from serum. Some low but variable level of C-terminal lysine is ...present on therapeutic antibodies expressed in mammalian cell culture systems. Here, we monitored the C-terminal lysine processing of a recombinant human IgG2 antibody after intravenous injection into human subjects. Peptide mapping of the therapeutic antibody isolated from serum samples by affinity purification was used to quantify the C-terminal lysine levels over time in vivo. The C-terminal lysine residue was found to be rapidly lost in vivo with a half life of about an hour (62 min). In vivo C-terminal lysine processing could be reproduced in vitro, but at a faster rate, by incubating in human serum. Pretreated serum, under conditions used to inactivate carboxypeptidase U, generated in vitro C-terminal lysine processing rates that more closely matched those in vivo. Endogenous IgG, isolated from human blood, contained very low levels of C-terminal lysine (∼0.02%), consistent with the expected circulating half life of antibodies and the calculated C-terminal lysine processing rate. Thus, the low residual IgG2 C-terminal lysine is rapidly processed in vivo and such processing likely occurs on endogenous antibodies in circulation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 404-412.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), appropriate evaluation of mosaic embryos is important because of the adverse implications of transferring embryos with high-level mosaicism ...or discarding those with low-level mosaicism. Despite the availability of multiple reliable techniques for PGT-A, data comparing the detection of mosaicism using these techniques are scarce. To address this gap in the literature, we compared the detection ability of the two most commonly used PGT-A platforms, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, for mosaic embryos.
We retrospectively reviewed the data of PGT-A or preimplantation genetic testing for chromosomal structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) conducted at our center from January 2018 to October 2020, and selected blastocysts that underwent aneuploidy screening with both an SNP array and NGS. Trophectoderm biopsy, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), and aneuploidy screening with an SNP array were conducted on the enrolled blastocysts. When the SNP array indicated mosaicism, NGS was performed on the corresponding MDA product for verification. Among the 105 blastocysts diagnosed with mosaicism with the SNP array, 80 (76.19%) showed mosaicism in NGS, with complete and partial concordance rates of 47.62% (50/105) and 18.10% (19/105), respectively. The complete discordance rate of the two platforms was 34.29% (36/105). That is, 10.48% (11/105) of the blastocysts were diagnosed with completely different types of mosaicism with the two platforms, while 13.33% (14/105) and 10.48% (11/105) of the embryos diagnosed as showing mosaicism with SNP were detected as showing aneuploidy and euploidy with NGS, respectively.
The consistency of NGS and the SNP array in the diagnosis of embryo mosaicism is extremely low, indicating the need for larger and well-designed studies to determine which platform is more accurate in detecting mosaic embryos.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) for germline mosaicism was previously highly dependent on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based directed mutation detection ...combined with linkage analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs). However, the number of STRs is usually limited. In addition, designing suitable probes and optimizing the reaction conditions for multiplex PCR are time-consuming and laborious. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of next generation sequencing (NGS)-based haplotype linkage analysis in PGT of germline mosaicism.
PGT-M with NGS-based haplotype linkage analysis was performed for two families with maternal germline mosaicism for an X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mutation (del exon 45-50) or an autosomal TSC1 mutation (c.2074C > T). Trophectoderm biopsy and multiple displacement amplification (MDA) were performed for a total of nine blastocysts. NGS and Sanger sequencing were performed in genomic DNA of family members and embryonic MDA products to detect DMD deletion and TSC1 mutation, respectively. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites closely linked to pathogenic mutations were detected with NGS and served in haplotype linkage analysis. NGS-based aneuploidy screening was performed for all embryos to reduce the risk of pregnancy loss.
All nine blastocytes showed conclusive PGT results. Each family underwent one or two frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles to obtain a clinical pregnancy, and the prenatal diagnosis showed that the fetus was genotypically normal and euploid for both families.
NGS-SNP could effectively realize PGT for germline mosaicism. Compared with PCR-based methods, the NGS-SNP method with increased polymorphic informative markers can achieve a greater diagnostic accuracy. Further studies are warranted to verify the effectiveness of NGS-based PGT of germline mosaicism cases in the absence of surviving offsprings.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, we propose a weighted Dempster-Shafer (DS) evidence theory-based fusion algorithm to take advantages of state-of-the-art salient object detection methods. First, we define the mass ...function value for each saliency detection method to be fused at the pixel level, based on which we further calculate the similarity coefficient and similarity matrix. The credibility of each saliency detection method will be computed by considering to what degree it is supported by other saliency detection methods. Second, using the credibility of each image saliency detection method as the weight, we compute the weighted mass function value of each method and get a saliency map. Third, we use the synthetic rules of DS evidence theory to fuse the weighted mass function values and get the other saliency map. The final saliency map will be obtained by fusing the aforementioned two saliency maps. Extensive experiments on three publicly available benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed weighted DS evidence theory-based fusion model against each individual saliency detection algorithm in terms of three evaluation metrics of precision-recall rate, F-measure, and average absolute error. The saliency map after fusion utilizing weighted DS evidence theory is closer to the ground-truth map.
Tobacco stalks, one kind of the wastes of tobacco industry, are used as raw material to produce saccharide and ethanol by biorefining technology. Moreover, two chemical pretreatment methods for the ...biorefinery processes are evaluated. It was found that the reduced sugar yield of tobacco stalks by enzymatic hydrolysis was 345.1 mg/g, which increased 165.7% after 60 min of pretreatment with 2% NaOH at 90 °C. The sugars in hydrolysates mainly consist of glucose and xylose. Under the same pretreatment conditions, the pretreated tobacco stalks could yield 106.6 mg/g of sugar by simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation, and the ethanol yield increased 138.0% in comparison with that of raw tobacco stalk. These results may open a novel avenue to realize the resource utilization of tobacco waste.
Graphical abstract
Schematic diagram of saccharification and ethanol conversion from tobacco stalks.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
FXYD6, an unnecessary auxiliary subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase, is expressed in the nervous system. However, its functions remain largely unclear. In the present study, we find that FXYD6 is involved in ...the thermal nociception. FXYD6 was mainly expressed in small-diameter DRG neurons expressing transient receptor potential channel V1 (TRPV1). In the SNS-Cre/Fxyd6F/F mice, loss of FXYD6 in these sensory neurons impaired the behavioral responses to noxious heat stimulus and intraplantar injection of capsaicin. The capsaicin-induced and TRPV1-mediated currents were decreased in the FXYD6–deficient DRG neurons. Heterologous expression of FXYD6 could increase the TRPV1 capsaicin-sensitive currents in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, we found that the negatively charged PGDEE motif in C-terminal of FXYD6 is required for the FXYD6/TRPV1 interaction and FXYD6-mediated enhancement of TRPV1. Disrupting the FXYD6/TRPV1 interaction with the TAT-PGDEE peptide could elevate the threshold of thermal nociception. Therefore, FXYD6 maintains the thermal nociception via interacting with TRPV1 channel in nociceptors.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Repair techniques for short-distance peripheral nerve defects, including adjacent joint flexion to reduce the distance between the nerve stump defects, ＂nerve splint＂ suturing, and nerve sle eve ...connection, have some disadvantages. Therefore, we designed a repair technique involving intraoperative tension-free application of a nerve elongator and obtained good outcomes in the repair of short-distance peripheral nerve defects in a previous animal study. The present study compared the clinical outcomes between the use of this nerve elongator and performance of the conventional method in the repair of short-distance transection injuries in human elbows. The 3-, 6-, and 12-month postoperative follow-up results demonstrated that early neurological function recovery was better in the nerve elongation group than in the conventional group, but no signif- icant difference in long-term neurological function recovery was detected between the two gro ups. In the nerve elongation group, the nerves were sutured without tension, and the duration of postoperative immobilization of the elbow was decreased. Elbow function rehabilitation was significantly better in the nerve elongation group than in the control group. Moreover, there were no security risks. The results of this study confirm that the use of this nerve elongator for repair of short-distance peripheral nerve defects is safe and effective.
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