•Enzymes acting on lignocellulose are introduced in context of biomass hydrolysis.•Understanding gene regulation in fungi is the key to enhancing enzyme production.•Modulation of fungal gene ...regulation for improved cellulase production described.•Control of transcription factors, signal transduction and secretion are critical.
Lignocellulosic materials are the favoured feedstock for biorefineries due to their abundant availability and non-completion with food. Biobased technologies for refining these materials are limited mainly by the cost of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes, typically sourced from filamentous fungi. Therefore, considerable efforts have been directed at improving the quantity and quality of secreted lignocellulose degrading enzymes from fungi in order to attain overall economic viability. Process improvements and media engineering probably have reached their thresholds and further production enhancements require modifying the fungal metabolism to improve production and secretion of these enzymes. This review focusses on the types and mechanisms of action of known fungal biomass degrading enzymes, our current understanding of the genetic control exerted on their expression, and possible routes for intervention, especially on modulating catabolite repression, transcriptional regulators, signal transduction, secretion pathways etc., in order to improve enzyme productivity, activity and stability.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Studies were carried out on the fermentative production of gamma -linolenic acid (GLA) using seven strains belonging to Mucorales. An oleaginous fungal strain, isolated from the Western Ghats of ...Kerala produced GLA at a level of 8 % (by mass), when grown in a complex medium containing glucose as the sole carbon source. Effects of different culture conditions were investigated in shake flasks. Maximum dry biomass and total GLA obtained were 48.4 g/L and 636 mg/L, respectively, in the culture cultivated at 30 degree C and 200 rpm for 7 days. Among the organic nitrogen sources investigated, yeast extract, and combination of corn steep liquor and baker's yeast in 1:1 ratio were useful for enhancing the GLA production and the effects were comparable.
Extra‐cellular chitinase production by a chitinolytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum TUBF 966 using submerged fermentation was studied. Colloidal chitin (1.5% w/v) was used as sole carbon source. ...Maximum chitinase production (14.7 U/ml) was obtained when fermentation was carried out at 30 °C for 96 h using 72 h old mycelium in a medium containing colloidal chitin 1.5% (w/v) as carbon source and 0.42 (% w/v) peptone as nitrogen source (pH 5.5). Supplementation of additional carbon sources (0.75% w/v) showed no further enhancement in chitinase production while supplementation of nitrogen sources (0.42% w/v) such as peptone and tryptone in the fermentation medium showed a marked increase in production. The process parameters that controlled chitinase production by the fungus were studied and presented here.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The rapidly growing electronic and plastic waste has become a global environmental concern. Developing advanced and environmentally safe agro-based materials is an emerging field with an enormous ...potential for applications in sensors and devices. Here, an agro-based material as membrane has been developed by incorporating tapioca starch and banana peel powder in polylactic acid, with uniform dispersibility and amorphous nature. The material was used for the development of electrochemical sensor for S-gene of SARS-CoV-2. Further, the membrane was used for the development of a non-invasive, colorimetric skin patch for the detection of glucose and a sensor for the assessment of fruit juice quality. Using OECD-recommended model systems, the developed membrane was found to be non-toxic towards aquatic and terrestrial non-target organisms. The developed conductive material opens new avenues in various electrochemical, analytical, and biological applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Fluoride (F−) contamination in water is a global health concern, threatening the well-being of millions. This study investigated the role of ZnCl2/FeCl3-rice husk-modified biochar (Zn-BC and ...Zn/Fe-BC) in treating F−-contaminated surface and groundwater under the influence of varying solution chemistry, co-existing ions, and biochar-amended through column transport experiments. Modified biochar showed maximum F− adsorption, 99.01% and 91.90% using Zn/Fe-BC and Zn-BC, respectively, than 85.87% using raw biochar (R-BC). Raw/modified biochars were characterized with FESEM-EDAX, FTIR, XRD, particle size, surface area, electro-kinetic potential, and point of zero charge analyses. Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetic could explain that F−-biochar interactions are dominated by chemisorption at ambient temperature while physisorption at higher temperatures. The influence of salt concentrations and co-occurring ions reduced F− sorption using Zn/Fe-BC. Increased salt strengths led to reduced electrophoretic mobility of biochar particles, i.e., biochar–biochar particles attract each other and increase the hydrodynamic diameter, which ultimately reduces the active sites on biochar for F− adsorption. Co-transport and deposition of biochar and F− in saturated porous media revealed lower mobility of biochar, and maximum F− adsorption was observed at 10 mM salt strength. Biochar transport is governed by electrostatic interactions, whereas F− transport mainly occurs through chemisorption. In rural areas, hand pumps and tube wells are generally used as source of potable water for drinking and cooking purposes; thus, biochar-mediated sand columns can be utilized for defluoridation. Thus, Zn/Fe-BC can be utilized as a potential bio-adsorbent for F−-contaminated natural surface and groundwater with optimum preparation and treatment costs.
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•Mass transfer rates are observed for fluoride–biochar interactions.•pHpzc and electro-kinetic potential values govern fluoride (F) adsorption.•Co-transport and retention of biochar and F investigated in saturated porous media.•Influence of background solution and ionic strength are critical for F removal.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Environmental contamination of heavy metals is now becoming increasingly a concern and a significant problem due to its harmful effects worldwide. The plant-meditated approach is encouraging to ...eliminate toxins avoiding side effects from polluted wastewater. For the development of appropriate plant species for the mechanisms of heavy metal absorption, transport, detoxification, identification, and signaling pathways would be important facts. Transporter genes like ATP-phosphoribosyl transferase (ATP-PRT), Yellow Stripe-like (YSL), NAS (nicotinamide synthase), SAMS (S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase), FER (ferritin Fe (III) binding), HMA (heavy metal ATPase), IREG (iron-regulated transporter), and proteins like cation diffusion facilitators (CDF), ZRT, IRT-like protein (ZIP), and natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) are active in heavy metal accumulation, translocalisation, sequestration, and resistance. Besides, chelating agents and metabolites can be used either to increase heavy metal bioavailability, which facilitates heavy metal accumulation in plants and further promote plant growth and fitness. This review paper addresses key roles and potential transporter genes and proteins for the remediation of heavy metals from hyperaccumulator plants. This review specifically focuses on the efficacy of transporter genes and proteins in hyperaccumulator plants in metal restoration, discussing the use of these plants for wastewater treatment processes.
•Discusses the efficiency of hyperaccumulator plant for removal of metals.•Summarizes transporter gene and proteins in heavy metal uptake and tolerance.•Proposes improved prospects for wastewater treatment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The adaptive responses to moderate environmental challenges by the biological systems have usually been credited to hormesis. Since the hormetic biphasic dose-response illustrates a prominent pattern ...towards biological responsiveness, the studies concerning such aspects will get much more significance in risk assessment practices and toxicological evaluation research. From this point of view, the past few epochs have witnessed the extending recognition of the notion concerning hormesis. The extraction of its basic foundations of evolutionary perspectives-along with the probable underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms followed by the practical implications to enhance the quality of life. To get better and more effective output in this regard, the present article has evaluated the various observations of previous investigations. The intent of integrating the novel inferences concerning the hormesis-tempting stressors driven by predominant evolutionary factors for mitigating the adverse impacts that were prompted over frequent and continuous exposure to the various chemical elements. Such inferences can offer extensive insight into the implications concerning the risk assessment of hormesis.
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•Prevalent exposure to the chemicals prominently instigates complications were illustrated.•Molecular mechanisms of the stress response need to be unveiled.•Trial-and-error strategy for hormesis-tempting stressors were discussed.•Homeodynamics can be recognized as a hopeful holistic strategy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Plant natural products have been an attracting platform for the isolation of various active drugs and other bioactives. However large-scale extraction of these compounds is affected by the difficulty ...in mass cultivation of these plants and absence of strategies for successful extraction. Even though, synthesis by chemical method is an alternative method; it is less efficient as their chemical structure is highly complex which involve enantio-selectivity. Thus an alternate bio-system for heterologous production of plant natural products using microbes has emerged. Advent of various omics, synthetic and metabolic engineering strategies revolutionised the field of heterologous plant metabolite production. In this context, various engineering methods taken to synthesise plant natural products are described with an additional focus to fermentation strategies.
Schematic representation of design of microbial cell factory for production of high value plant-derived compounds. Display omitted
•Development of engineered hosts for bioactive plant compounds•Identification and engineering of plant biosynthetic pathways in microbes•Impact of synthetic biology in recombinant plant bioactive production•Fermentation and its impact in natural compound production
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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