•An eco-friendly process for effective delignification.•No generation of fermentation inhibitors during the process.•Major drawbacks include treatment time and sugar consumption.•No release of toxic ...compounds to environment.•No effluent generation during the process.
Pretreatment is an important step involved in the production of bioethanol from lignocelluosic biomass. Though several pretreatment regimes are available, biological pretreatment seems to be promising being an eco-friendly process and there is no inhibitor generation during the process. In the current scenario there are few limitations in using this strategy for pilot scale process. The first and foremost one is the long incubation time for effective delignification. This can be minimized to an extent by using suitable microbial consortium. There is an urgent need for research and development activities and fine tuning of the process for the development of an economically viable process. This review presents an overview of various aspects of biological pretreatment, enzymes involved in the process, parameters affecting biological pretreatment as well as future perspectives.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The current review explores the potential application of algal biomass for the production of biofuels and bio-based products. The variety of processes and pathways through which bio-valorization of ...algal biomass can be performed are described in this review. Various lipid extraction techniques from algal biomass along with transesterification reactions for biodiesel production are briefly discussed. Processes such as the pretreatment and saccharification of algal biomass, fermentation, gasification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and anaerobic digestion for the production of biohydrogen, bio-oils, biomethane, biochar (BC), and various bio-based products are reviewed in detail. The biorefinery model and its collaborative approach with various processes are highlighted for the production of eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective biofuels and value-added products. The authors also discuss opportunities and challenges related to bio-valorization of algal biomass and use their own perspective regarding the processes involved in production and the feasibility to make algal research a reality for the production of biofuels and bio-based products in a sustainable manner.
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•Critical analysis of pathways involves in bio-valorization of algal biomass.•Mass of 1 kg oils extracted from algal biomass can produce 1 kg biodiesel.•The yields of biochar per unit dry weight of algal biomass are in the range of 8.1–62.4%.•The foremost challenges in production of 3rd generation biofuel are its non-cost effectiveness.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency linked to unrestrained use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) as prophylactic agent and therapeutic purposes across various ...industries. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals are identified in ground water, surface water, soils, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in ng/L to μg/L concentration range. The prevalence of organic compounds including antimicrobial agents, hormones, antibiotics, preservatives, disinfectants, synthetic musks etc. in environment have posed serious health concerns. The aim of this review is to elucidate the major sources accountable for emergence of antibiotic resistance. For this purpose, variety of introductory sources and fate of PPCPs in aquatic environment including human and veterinary wastes, aquaculture and agriculture related wastes, and other anthropogenic activities have been discussed. Furthermore, genetic and enzymatic factors responsible for transfer and appearance of antibiotic resistance genes are presented. Ecotoxicity of PPCPs has been studied in environment in order to present risk imposed to human and ecological health. As per published literature reports, the removal of antibiotics and related traces being difficult, couples the possibility of emergence of antibiotic resistance and hence sustainability in global water resources. Therefore, research on environmental behavior and control strategies should be conducted along with assessing their chronic toxicity to identify potential human and ecological risks.
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•Menace of PPCPs in soil and aquatic system is jeopardizing and needs consideration.•Persistence of PPCPs causes antimicrobial resistance leading to health issues.•Microbes attain resistance via MGEs, enzymatic mechanisms, conjugative plasmids.•Quantitative framework and control strategies are necessary to analyze adversity.•Risk associated to PPCPs on environment and human health are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•An overview on 2,3-Butanediol production by biological routes.•2,3-Butanediol characteristics, demands and applications were described.•Evaluated viability of lignocellulose biomass ...for biorefinery.•Evaluated different fermentation strategies for 2,3-Butanediol production.•Evaluated different lignocellulosic biomass for 2,3-Butanediol production.
Bio-refinery approach using agricultural and industrial waste material as feedstock is becoming a preferred area of interest in biotechnology in the current decades. The reasons for this trend are mainly because of the declining petroleum resources, greenhouse gas emission risks and fluctuating market price of crude oil. Most chemicals synthesized petro chemically, can be produced using microbial biocatalysts. 2,3-Butanediol (BDO) is such an important platform bulk chemical with numerous industrial applications including as a fuel additive. Although microbial production of BDO is well studied, strategies that could successfully upgrade the current lab-scale researches to an industrial level have to be developed. This review presents an overview of the recent trends and developments in the microbial production of BDO from different lignocellulose biomass.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Tyre, being the most important component of any vehicle, has been studied to quite a lot since its invention. Although, many different tyre models are being used for analysing steady-state tyre ...forces, there is not enough emphasis on including the transient response in detail. Although, steady state tyre model can be helpful in understanding handling characteristics of the vehicle, it fails when a vehicle undergoes rapidly changing driving conditions. Consequently, a transient effect due to the interaction of tyre inertia with stiffness and damping characteristics introduces delay in the handling response. Therefore, the main aim of the paper is to improve the transient modelling based on PAC2002 tyre model and its implementation with full vehicle to control extreme transient effects under fish hook and straight line abs braking conditions. To meet the objective, we first present a detailed literature review of transient modelling techniques and discuss about the mathematical models for first and second order transient models. We also discuss ways to introduce cross-coupling effects. After validating the models with Rill's work and other experimental results available in the literature, we discuss about the performance of transient models with PAC2002 under different operating conditions and compare the result with CARSIM, steady-state and first order transient model. The analysis presented in the paper can be useful in improving the safety and comfort of the vehicle.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
•Availability and cultivation practices of paddy rice.•Overview on the production of value added products from rice straw.•Recent developments in rice straw based biorefinery.
The biorefinery ...approach for the production of fuels and chemicals is gaining more and more attraction in recent years. The major advantages of biorefineries are the generation of multiple products with complete utilization of biomass with zero waste generation. Moreover the process will be economically viable when it targets low volume high value products in addition to high volume low value products like bioethanol. The present review discuss about the potential of rice straw based biorefinery. Since rice is a major staple food for many Asian countries, the utilization of the rice straw residue for fuel and chemicals would be very economical. The review focuses the availability and the potential of this residue for the production of fuel and other high value chemicals.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Food and kitchen waste - omnipresent in every corner of the world serve as an excellent source of value added products owing to high organic content. Regardless of existence of various traditional ...methods of land filling or biogas production used to harness food waste energy, effective conversion of food to valuable resources is often challenged by its heterogenous nature and high moisture content. The current paper tries to lay down the prospects and consequences associated with food waste management. The various social, economical and environmental concerns associated with food waste management especially in terms of green house gas emission and extended rate of leachate generation also has been discussed. The difficulties in proper collection, storage and bioconversion of food waste to valuable by-products are pointed as a big hurdle in proper waste management. Finally, the wide array of value added products developed from food waste after pretreatment are also enlisted to emphasis the prospects of food waste management.
•Challenges and possibilities on the value addition of food and kitchen waste.•Presents a spectrum of products developed from food and kitchen waste.•Utilisation provides environmental sustainability by proper waste management.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Thermophilic fungal genomes coding for thermostable xylanase genes.•Thermophilic fungi as efficient producer of xylanases.•Novel thermophilic bacterial strains as good source of highly thermostable ...xylanases.•Metagenomic DNA from diverse ecological niches as source of thermostable xylanases.
Thermostable xylanases from thermophilic fungi and bacteria have a wide commercial acceptability in feed, food, paper and pulp and bioconversion of lignocellulosics with an estimated annual market of USD 500 Million. The genome wide analysis of thermophilic fungi clearly shows the presence of elaborate genetic information coding for multiple xylanases primarily coding for GH10, GH11 in addition to GH7 and GH30 xylanases. The transcriptomics and proteome profiling has given insight into the differential expression of these xylanases in some of the thermophilic fungi. Bioprospecting has resulted in identification of novel thermophilic xylanases that have been endorsed by the industrial houses for heterologous over- expression and formulations. The future use of xylanases is expected to increase exponentially for their role in biorefineries. The discovery of new and improvement of existing xylanases using molecular tools such as directed evolution is expected to be the mainstay to meet increasing demand of thermostable xylanases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Non-timber forests products (NTFPs) provide multiple livelihood benefits to local communities and regional and national economies. And yet this knowledge is rarely drawn upon in debates around and ...design of poverty alleviation or land use policies, strategies and projects. Unless the accumulating wealth of empirical evidence can be translated into policies and approaches at higher levels, and integrated into poverty alleviation programmes, it will have little impact on local and national poverty profiles. In this paper we propose and briefly discuss eight steps to facilitate integration of NTFPs into the development agenda, for the benefit of local communities. These include: (1) proper inventory of NTFP stocks, (2) research on NTFP ecology and sustainable harvest levels, (3) introduction of extension services for NTFPs, (4) inclusion of NTFPs in land management and trade-off decisions, (5) integration of NTFPs into sectoral policies, (6) ensuring NTFP commercialisation is not at the expense of local livelihood needs, (7) promoting security of access and use, and (8) examination of local contextual drivers of unsustainable use. Each is presented along with examples or proposals towards implementation.
•NTFPs remain neglected in policies and debates around poverty alleviation.•Active steps are needed to bridge this gap.•Eight considerations are introduced to address this.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
10.
Applications of Microbial Enzymes in Food Industry Raveendran, Sindhu; Parameswaran, Binod; Ummalyma, Sabeela Beevi ...
Food technology and biotechnology,
01/2018, Volume:
56, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The use of enzymes or microorganisms in food preparations is an age-old process. With the advancement of technology, novel enzymes with wide range of applications and specificity have been developed ...and new application areas are still being explored. Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi and their enzymes are widely used in several food preparations for improving the taste and texture and they offer huge economic benefits to industries. Microbial enzymes are the preferred source to plants or animals due to several advantages such as easy, cost-effective and consistent production. The present review discusses the recent advancement in enzyme technology for food industries. A comprehensive list of enzymes used in food processing, the microbial source of these enzymes and the wide range of their application are discussed.
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