Probiotic L. acidophilus La-14 cells were co-encapsulated with Ganoderma lingzhi extract to prolong the viability of the cells under simulated gastrointestinal (SGI) condition and to protect the ...active ingredients of Reishi mushroom during the storage period. Combinations of distinctive reagents (sodium alginate, chitosan, maltose, Hydroxyethyl-cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and calcium lactate) were tested. Optimal double layer Ca-alginate hydrogel beads were fabricated with significantly improved characteristics. The incorporation of maltose significantly decreases the release rate of mushrooms' phenolics, antioxidants, and β-glucan during the storage time. Significant improvement in probiotic cells viability under SGI condition has been found and confirmed by confocal laser microscopy in maltose containing double layer coated calcium alginate beads variants. The encapsulation of newly formulated prebiotic Reishi extract and probiotic L. acidophilus is creating a new potential food application for such medicinal mushrooms and natural products with unpleasant taste upon oral consumption.
•L. acidophilus is co-encapsulated with Reishi mushroom extract in Ca-alginate beads.•The cells' viability under SGI condition is enhanced after encapsulation.•Antioxidants & β-glucan release rate significantly diminished after encapsulation.•Application of sodium alginate, chitosan and maltose showed the best preserving effect.•Supplementation of HPMC and HEC did not enhance the beads' protective property.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Xylobolus subpileatus is a widely distributed crust fungus reported from all continents except Antarctica, although considered a rare species in several European countries. Profound mycochemical ...analysis of the methanol extract of X. subpileatus resulted in the isolation of seven compounds (1–7). Among them, (3β,22E)-3-methoxy-ergosta-4,6,8sup.14,22-tetraene (1) is a new natural product, while the NMR assignment of its already known epimer (2) has been revised. In addition to a benzohydrofuran derivative fomannoxin (3), four ergostane-type triterpenes 4–7 were identified. The structure elucidation of the isolated metabolites was performed by one- and two-dimensional NMR and MS analysis. Compounds 2–7 as well as the chloroform, n-hexane, and methanol extracts of X. subpileatus were evaluated for their tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. Among the examined compounds, only fomannoxin (3) displayed the antityrosinase property with 51% of inhibition, and the fungal steroids proved to be inactive. Regarding the potential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of the fungal extracts and metabolites, it was demonstrated that the chloroform extract and compounds 3–4 exerted noteworthy inhibitory activity, with 83.86 and 32.99%, respectively. The butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory assay revealed that methanol and chloroform extracts, as well as compounds 3 and 4, exerted notable activity, while the rest of the compounds proved to be only weak enzyme inhibitors. Our study represents the first report on the chemical profile of basidiome of the wild-growing X. subpileatus, offering a thorough study on the isolation and structure determination of the most characteristic biologically active constituents of this species.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ganoderma is a large and diverse, cosmopolitan fungal genus in the Basidiomycota, comprises species with prized medicinal properties, valuable biotechnological applications and of significant ...phytopathological interest. In Europe, the number of Ganoderma species is low compared to North America, East Asia or the tropics. Among the seven accepted Ganoderma species in Europe, only one has a perennial basidiome with a resinous layer on the pileus surface and dark brown context. In the scientific literature, this species appears under the name G. pfeifferi or G. cupreolaccatum. However, Quélet provided a detailed watercolour painting of a single basidiome under the name Fomes advena in 1872, which shows similar morphological features. Considering that F. advena was validly and effectively published well before G. pfeifferi and “Polyporus cupreolaccatus”, the nomenclatural status of this forgotten and overlooked name is discussed.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Cortinarius s.l. is a globally distributed agaricoid genus that has been well studied in Europe with over 1000 described species. However, the information about their taxonomy and diversity in ...eastern Central Europe is still limited. Only 124 species have been reported so far from Romania, based solely on morphological observations. The aim of this study was to re-examine the diversity of the genus Cortinarius s.l. in the Romanian Carpathian area, employing molecular phylogenetic and morphological methods. During intensive field work in the period 2017–2020, a total of 234 Cortinarius s.l. specimens were collected and studied with integrative taxonomic methods. For all the samples, we amplified and sequenced the nrDNA ITS region, which is the widely used official barcode marker of fungi. These sequences were compared to the data found in public databases (GenBank, UNITE, BOLD). Based on phylogenetic analyses, we identified 109 Cortinarius s.l. species, which represent 40 sections and 3 clades. Out of these species, 43 have previously been documented from Romania based on morphological identification methods, while 66 species are reported as new to the country.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Due to their bluish basidiocarps the Postiacaesia (syn. Oligoporuscaesius) complex forms a distinctive morphological group within the polypore genus Postia Fr., 1874. Five species of this group occur ...in Europe: Postiaalni Niemelä & Vampola, Postiacaesia (Schrad.) P. Karst., Postialuteocaesia (A. David) Jülich, Postiamediterraneocaesia M. Pierre & B. Rivoire and Postiasubcaesia (A. David) Jülich. In this study Postiaalni is reported for the first time from Hungary. The dichotomous key of the species of the European Postiacaesia complex was prepared as well.
The ascomycete fungus Venturia inaequalis causes scab disease, a major problem in apple production. The utilization of resistant cultivars is hindered by emerging new pathogen races, which erode ...their resistance. Increasing our knowledge on the population genetic processes of the fungus can contribute to the development of resistance gene deployment strategies and more durable resistance. We investigated the effect of four scab race indicator cultivars, ‘Gala’ (no R-gene), ‘Golden Delicious’ (Rvi1), ‘Geneva’ (Rvi3, complex), and OR45t132 (Rvi5), on the V. inaequalis population genetic structure and diversity. Sixty-six monosporic fungal isolates from the four cultivars were genotyped with seven simple sequence repeat primers. Furthermore, the partial resistance of the indicators and the pathogenicity profile of the conidia from each host were assessed. The genetic diversity and structure of the investigated V. inaequalis subpopulations correspond to the partial resistance of the original hosts as well as the subpopulations’ pathogenicity profiles. Indicators carrying Rvi3 and Rvi5 had strongly diverged and specialized V. inaequalis populations on them and fewer symptoms on the field. In line with the complete breakdown of the Rvi1 gene, the population from ‘Golden Delicious’ did not segregate from the susceptible ‘Gala’, and virulence towards Rvi1 was present in all subpopulations.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Polyporenic acids N-R (1–5), five novel 24-methylene lanostane triterpenes along with seven known polyporenic acids (6–12), were identified from the fruiting bodies of Buglossoporus quercinus. The ...isolation of compounds 1–12 was performed by a combination of multistep flash chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structure determination was carried out by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) experiments. The isolated fungal metabolites were investigated for their antiproliferative activity in vitro by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on the resistant Colo 320 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line expressing P-glycoprotein (ABCB1). The lanostane triterpenes exerted moderate antiproliferative activity with ICsub.50 values in the range of 20.7–106.2 μM. A P-glycoprotein efflux pump modulatory test on resistant Colo 320 cells highlighted that fungal metabolites 3, 5, 8, and 10–12 have the ability to inhibit the efflux pump activity of cancer cells. Moreover, the drug interactions of triterpenes with doxorubicin were studied by the checkerboard method. Compounds 3–4, and 7–12 interacted in a synergistic manner, while an outstanding potency was detected for compound 9, which was defined as strong synergism (CI = 0.276). The current study reveals that B. quercinus is a remarkable source of fungal steroids with considerable chemosensitizing activity on cancer cells.
From the economical point of view, the genus Ganoderma is one of the most important groups of Basidiomycetes due to their medicinal effects and also because they cause decay in a very wide range of ...tree species all over the world. In this study new data of the Hungarian Ganoderma species are published and the specimens in accessible Hungarian herbarium collections are processed and revised. The article includes the nomenclatural status, the morphological characters, the host preference, frequencies and the details of the fungarium samples of six Ganoderma species (Ganoderma adspersum, G. applanatum, G. carnosum, G. cupreolaccatum, G. lucidum, G. resinaceum) as well. In total 215 Ganoderma specimens are examined and 10 hosts of the six native Ganoderma species new for Hungary are presented. The Hungarian locality and time of the collection of the only Ganoderma carnosum (IZ3122) specimen and two new localities of this rare species is published here for the first time.
Taplógombák előfordulása és gazdanövényköre Magyarországon I. - Ganoderma. A taplók közül a Ganoderma P. Karst. 1881 gazdasági szempontból az egyik legfontosabb nemzetség, tekintettel növénykórtani jelentőségükre, valamint a gyógyászatban betöltött szerepükre. Jelen munkában feldolgoztuk és revideáltuk a Magyarországi gyűjteményekben elhelyezett hazai fungáriumi mintákat, továbbá újabb, korábban nem publikált adatokat is közlünk. A cikk tartalmazza a hazánkban előforduló hat Ganoderma faj (Ganoderma adspersum, G. applanatum, G. carnosum, G. cupreolaccatum, G. lucidum, G. resinaceum) nomenklatúrai helyzetét, az elkülönítő morfológiai bélyegeket, aljzataik gyakorisági megoszlását és a fungáriumi példányok részletes adatait megyék szerint csoportosítva. Összesen 215 Ganoderma taxon herbáriumi mintáját vizsgáltuk meg és 10 Magyarországon korábban nem ismert gazdanövényen való előfordulási adatot közlünk. Az eddig egyetlen hazánkból ismert Ganoderma carnosum mintának (IZ3122) lelőhelyét és gyűjtésének időpontját, valamint két további hazai minta adatát első alkalommal publikáljuk.
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