Apple, Miticide Evaluation Experiment, 1979 Horsburgh, R. L.; Parrella, M. P.; McCaffrey, J. P. ...
Insecticide and acaricide tests,
01/1980, Volume:
5, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Open access
Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied (run-off) to 5 randomly selected trees per treatment in a 1.6-A (ca. .65 ha) block of four-year-old trees at Steeles Tavern, Virginia. This orchard contained ...four cultivars: Golden Delicious on M 7, Double Red Staymon on MM106, Commander York on MM111 and Triple Red Delicious on MM106. All treatments were applied at 200 psi (14.06 kg/cm2) with a hand gun on a truckmounted Swanson sprayer equipped with a 35-gpm (132.49 liter/mln) pump. Miticide treatments were single applications directed against a specific stage of mite development. Specifically, Apr 30 (overwintering eggs hatching), May 7 (overwintering eggs hatching and young mites present). May 29 (first generation summer eggs hatching). The orchard maintenance sproy program, applied using the alternate middle technique with a Swanson airblast sprayer delivering 25 gpa (233.55 liters/A) at 2 mph (3.22 km/h) and 100 psi (7.03 kg/cm2), consisted of the following materials: Captan 50W10 lb/100 (11.98 g/liter) May 2, 7, 16; Captan50W5 lb/100 (0.60 kg/100 liter) Jun 22, Jul 19, Aug 13; Captan 50W 10 lb/100 (11.98 g/liter) + Carbaryl 50W 1 lb/100 (1.2 g/liter) May 2, Jul 30, Aug 6; Captan 50W 10 lb/100 (11.98 g/liter) + dodine 65W 5 lb/100 (5.99 g/liter) May 25, Jun 1; dodine 65W 5 lb/100 (5.99 g/liter) Jun 5, Jul 3; dodine 65W5 lb/100 (5.99 g/liter) + Carbaryl 50W 1 lb/100 (1.2 g/liter) Jul 11. Five leaves/tree were collected on each sample date, bagged, placed in an ice chest and removed to the laboratory where they were examined with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Data were recorded as mites and mite eggs/leaf.
Apple, Ovicidal Effects of Lannate-L, 1979 Horsburgh, R. L.; McCaffrey, J. P.; Parrella, M. P. ...
Insecticide and acaricide tests,
01/1980, Volume:
5, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Open access
Abstract
Egg masses of females of P. flavedana from the overwintering and first generation were treated with Lannate L to assess ovicidal activity. Lannate L (dilute rate of 0.95 liter/378.5 liter = ...2 pt/100 gal) was applied as a 6X concentrate (467.69 liter/ha) with a Swanson truck-mounted airblast sprayer operating at 7.04 kg/cm . On Jun 14 egg masses of the overwintering generation (Experiment 1) were collected from Red Delicious trees with their associated leaf clusters and taped to other Red Delicious trees in an optimum position for spray coverage (outer periphery of tree facing spray). Following spraying and 15 minutes' drying, clusters were returned to an open-air insectary. They were maintained in ventilated, 50-dram, clear plastic cages until egg hatch. Similar water-treated controls were established. On Jul 27 egg masses of the first generation females (Experiment 2) were located on Red Delicious trees in the same orchard as Experiment 1, tagged for identification, and sprayed in their natural positions on the tree. Only one side of the tree was sprayed. The egg masses were left on the tree to hatch. Water controls were treated in a similar manner. There were 15 replicates of the Lannate L treatment in Experiments 1 and 2 and there were 17 and 12 replicates of the water control for Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. Data were collected as percent hatch. The effects of Lannate L on the eggs of two important orchard insect and mite predators, O^ insidlosus and L. mali were assessed (Experiment3). L. mali females were allowed to oviposit on mite-infested apple leaves in the laboratory. Leaves (with the eggs in situ along the leaf midvein) were dipped in the appropriate concentration of Lannate L or a water control. The leaves were maintained with their petioles in water for 5 da, after which the eggs were transferred to moist filter paper in a petri dish held at 23.9 ± 1°C. Eclosion was recorded for 10 da.O. insidiosus oviposits eggs in the leaf midvein with only the operculum exposed. preliminary studies showed high mortality of controls due to shrinkage of the leaf midvein.To circumvent this O. insidiosus was allowed to oviposit in green bean pods which did not shrink. The pods were then dipped and hatch was recorded over a 14-do period. Data for J., moli and (X jnsidiosus were recorded as percent hatch.
Abstract
Four, 4- tree replicates were sprayed on one side with selected Pounce dosages and a water check on each treatment date (May 9, 18, 25, Jun 5, 12, 19, 26, Jul 3, 11, 19, 30, Aug 6, 13, ...20,27, Sep 4). Each replicate consisted of the cultivars Triple Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Double Red Stayman and Commander Red York on the rootstocks MM106, M7, MM106 and MM111, respectively. Unsprayed buffer trees were left between each replicate to minimize drift. The side of the tree sprayed was alternated on each successive spray date. The experiment was set up as a two-way analysis of variance with treatments and varieties as classes. All applications were made with a Swanson airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (233.55 liters/ha) at 2 mph ground speed (3.22 km/hr) with 100 psi (7.03 kg/cm2) pump pressure. To insure sufficient pressure from C. pomonella each tree was inoculated with approximately eight late instar larvae (1000 in the 130-tree block) on May 13. Corregated cardboard strips containing the larvae were stapled to the trunk of each tree. Each strip was covered with a strip of aluminum foil that extended one-fourth inch (0.635 cm) beyond the edges of the cardboard to (1) reflect sun rays, (2) deflect water, and (3) discourage bird feeding. To determine the effect of Pounce on early season pests of apple, 10 leaf clusters/tree were chosen at random and examined for fruitworm, leafhoppers, aphids and leafrollers (Table 1). On May 25 and Jun 6, ca. 50 apples/tree were examined for damage by plum curculios, tarnished plant bugs and fruitworms. These data are recorded as percent damaged fruit (Table 2). Beginning on Jun 18 codling moth damage (stings and entries) was assessed as for plum curculios, tarnished plant bugs and fruitworms. When the fruit began to drop the fallen apples were collected and examined for codling moth injury (Table 3). Maintenance spraying was primarily for suppression of apple scab and cedar rust. During the season the following (6X concentrate) fungicides were applied: Polyram 12 lb/100 gal (14.38 g/liter), Dikar 10 lb/100 gal (11.98 g/liter), captan 50W 10 lb/100 gal (11.98 g/liter), captan 50W 10 lb/100 gal (11.98 g/liter) + Cyprex 65W 5 lb/100 gal (5.99 g/liter), and Cyprex 5 lb/100 gal (5.99 g/liter). Three-pound fruit samples were collected at 0, 3, 7, and 14 da following the last application for residue analysis by the manufacturer and will be reported on separately.
Abstract
Sprays of Dipel 3.2W, .56 kg/ha and Thuricide HPC, 7.015 litresAa were applied to one side of each row of trees in two separate 1.6 ha. plots at Massies Mill, VA on June 3, 13, 23 and 27’77. ...The side of the row sprayed was alternated on each successive spray date. The Golden Delicious trees on MM106 rootstock were 6 years old, well pruned and uniform in size. All experimental materials were applied with a “Swanson” air blast sprayer with 6.5 kg/cm2 pump pressure that delivered 467.68 litres per ha at 3.2 km per hour. The standard 9.6 ha “grower sprayed” block was also treated with the alternate row spraying technique. A “Bean speed sprayer” calibrated to deliver 1870.76 litres per ha was the commercial sprayer unit ;used. Following the application of the four B. thuricide treatments Imidan 50W and Zolone 25W were used to contain the leafroller populations for the remainder of the season. Spray schedules are pre-sented in Table 1. Leafroller larvae found in a three minute search period on each of four trees per plot on June 6, July 7 and 29, and August 10 and 23 were averaged and are presented in Table 2 as larvae per minute of search. There was a slight drop in the number of larvae per minute following the August 9 application of Zolone 50W to the thuricide block but no such decrease followed an August 5 application of Imidan to the Dipel treated plot. On August 23, 5 samples of 100 apples each were taken from each plot and examined for leafroller injury. Data were recorded as percent damaged fruit.
Abstract
The treatment area was divided into 2 blocks, A and B, consisting of spur and Top Red Delicious trees, respectively. The trees were 5-6 years old and .of uniform size. Various insecticide ...and miticide treatments were applied prior to the start of the aphid tests. These were: March 17 - Cyprex (1.12 kg/ha, Block A) and superior oil (37.415 litre/ha + Cyprex 1.12 kg/ha, Block B); March 25, 30 - Dikar (2.80 kg/ha, Block A) and superior oil (2.34 litres/ha + Benlate .28 kg/ha, Block B); April 6, 13 - Dikar (2.80 kg/ha, Block A) and superior oil (2.34 litres/ha + Benlate .28 kg/ha + Polyram 1.40 kg/ha, Block B). On April 20, the two blocks were put on different spray programs: Block A - Dikar (2.80 kg/ha + Zolone 1.12 kg/ha); Block B - Benlate (.28 kg/ha + Guthion .28 kg/ha). These materials were applied on April 20, 27 and on May 5, 12, 19 and 26. A pretreatment count of terminals infested with A. pomi was made on May 27. This was done by randomly selecting 200 branches per block; the terminal 20 cm of each branch was checked for apterous aphids; 80% infested in both blocks. Many predators were observed and recorded. Among these were: Deraceocorisnebulosus Uhler, Oriusinsidiosus Say, Stethoruspunctum LeConte, Leptothripsmali (Fitch), Leucopis sp., many species in the Syrphidae and Chrysopidae and a number of spiders. On May 28, the following materials were applied to different treatment plots in each block: Pirimor 50W (0.70 kg/ha), Pirimor 50W (0.35 kg/ha), Cygon 43.5EC (0.12 litres/ha), Cygon 43.5EC (0.06 litres/ha), Phosphamidon 8EC (0.60 litres/ha). The plots consisted of 6 trees each, with 6 plots in the same row. Treatment rows were spaced with a buffer row between them. Each treatment was replicated 4 times, twice in each block.
Abstract
The recommended rates of each pesticide were mixed with water in 1L containers in the laboratory. Styrofoam cups (270 ml) containing apple cuttings with all but 4 leaves removed were dipped ...in each mixture. Larvae in the fourth and fifth instar were immediately added to the cups. Each treat-ment was replicated 4 times with 10 larvae per cup. Mortality readings were taken at 24 h. intergals for 5 days. Larvae were considered dead only when they did not move when poked with a probe.
