SUMMARY
Floral patterns are unique to rice and contribute significantly to its reproductive success. SL1 encodes a C2H2 transcription factor that plays a critical role in flower development in rice, ...but the molecular mechanism regulated by it remains poorly understood. Here, we describe interactions of the SL1 with floral homeotic genes, SPW1, and DL in specifying floral organ identities and floral meristem fate. First, the sl1 spw1 double mutant exhibited a stamen‐to‐pistil transition similar to that of sl1, spw1, suggesting that SL1 and SPW1 may located in the same pathway regulating stamen development. Expression analysis revealed that SL1 is located upstream of SPW1 to maintain its high level of expression and that SPW1, in turn, activates the B‐class genes OsMADS2 and OsMADS4 to suppress DL expression indirectly. Secondly, sl1 dl displayed a severe loss of floral meristem determinacy and produced amorphous tissues in the third/fourth whorl. Expression analysis revealed that the meristem identity gene OSH1 was ectopically expressed in sl1 dl in the fourth whorl, suggesting that SL1 and DL synergistically terminate the floral meristem fate. Another meristem identity gene, FON1, was significantly decreased in expression in sl1 background mutants, suggesting that SL1 may directly activate its expression to regulate floral meristem fate. Finally, molecular evidence supported the direct genomic binding of SL1 to SPW1 and FON1 and the subsequent activation of their expression. In conclusion, we present a model to illustrate the roles of SL1, SPW1, and DL in floral organ specification and regulation of floral meristem fate in rice.
Significance Statement
The morphology of rice flowers is crucial for successful reproduction and grain yield. However, research on floral organ specification gene regulatory network (FOS‐GRN) in rice and other grass species is not as extensive as in Arabidopsis. In this study, we unveil the crucial role of the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor SL1 in regulating flower organ development and floral meristem fate in rice. Our experimental evidence indicates that SL1 positively regulates the expression of SPW1, which, in turn, activates B‐class genes OsMADS2 and OsMADS4 to indirectly suppress DL expression, influencing the formation of floral organs. Additionally, we identify a cooperative role of SL1 and DL in terminating floral meristem fate.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
目的水稻产量由单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数和粒重3个因素构成,其中,粒重主要由水稻的籽粒形态决定.筛选和鉴定新的粒型突变材料和基因,可为产量性状的分子设计育种奠定基础.方法在籼稻保持系西大1B(XD1B)的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变群体中鉴定到一个短宽粒突变体short and widen grain ...1(swg1);分析籽粒形态和其他农艺性状,并对颖壳进行组织细胞学观察分析;运用BSA法进行基因定位;通过遗传互补试验确定候选基因;采用qRT-PCR分析该基因的表达模式及其他粒型相关基因和细胞发育基因的表达水平.结果农艺性状分析发现,与野生型相比,swg1突变体粒长显著降低,粒宽显著增加,表现出短宽粒的表型;进一步组织和细胞学分析,发现突变体颖壳纵向细胞变短是粒长变短的主要原因,而粒宽增加是由于颖壳横向细胞数目和细胞大小同时增加.遗传分析结果表明,该突变性状受隐性单基因控制,通过图位克隆与遗传互补验证,确定候选基因为LOC-Os07g42410,编码一个植物特异转录因子.qRT-PCR分析发现该基因表达无明显的组织特异性,在茎、叶、幼穗中表达强烈.通过对已知粒型相关基因、细胞周期和细胞扩展相关基因进行分析,发现通过正向调控颖壳横向细胞数目和(或)细胞大小决定粒宽的GS5和GW8在突变体中上调明显,而正向调控纵向细胞数目和大小并负向调控横向细胞数目和大小的GW7/GL7在突变体明显下调;另外,部分与细胞周期和细胞扩展相关的基因也在突变体和野生型之间的表达也呈现显著差异.结论SWG1编码一个植物特异的转录因子,通过调控粒型基因(GS5、GW8和GW7/GL7等)影响颖壳的细胞增殖和细胞扩展,从而决定水稻籽粒长度和宽度.
Phosphomannose isomerase （PMI） encoding gene manA is a desirable selective marker in transgenic research. Under- standing of its expression patterns in transgenic plant and establishing highly ...sensitive detection method based on immunoassay have great impacts on the application of PMI. In this study, PMI-specific monoclonal antibodies were generated using recombinant protein as immunogen, and could be used in Western blot to detect as little as 0.5 ng His-tagged PMI protein or rice expressed PMI protein in sample accounted for 0.4% of single rice grain （about 0.08 mg）. PMI protein driven by CaMV-35S promoter was detected in dozens of tested tissues, including root, stem, leaf, panicle, and seed at all developmental stages during rice growing, and PMI protein accounted for about 0.036% of total protein in the leaves at seedling stage. The established method potentially can be used to monitor PMI protein in rice grains.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The indirect radiative and climatic effects of sulfate and organic carbon aerosols over East Asia were investigated using a Regional Integrated Environment Model System （RIEMS） with an empirical ...aerosol-cloud parameterization. The first indirect radiative forcing was negative and ranged from -9-0 W m-2 in the domain. The maximum cooling, up to -9 W m-2, occurred in the Chongqing District in winter, whereas the cooling areas were larger during summer than in winter. Organic carbon （OC） aerosols were more abundant in winter than in summer, whereas the sulfate concentration during summer was much higher than during winter. The concentrations of sulfate and OC were comparable in winter, and sulfate played a dominant role in determining indirect radiative forcing in summer, whereas in winter, both sulfate and OC were important. The regional mean indirect radiative forcings were -0.73 W m-2 and -0.41 W m-2 in summer and winter, respectively. The surface cooling caused by indirect effects was more obvious in winter than that in summer. The ground temperature decreased by -1.2 K in most areas of eastern China in winter, whereas in summer, the temperature decreased （- -1.5 K） in some regions, such as the Yangtze River region, but increased （-0.9 K） in the areas between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. In winter, the precipitation decreased by 0-6 mm in most areas of eastern China, but in summer, alternating bands of increasing （up to 80 mm） and decreasing （- -80 mm） precipitation appeared in eastern China.
The m-plane InN （1 100） epilayers have been grown on a LiAlO2 （1 0 0） substrate by a two-step growth method using a met- al-organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD） system. The low temperature InN ...buffer layer （LT-InN） is introduced to overcome the drawbacks of thermal instability of LiAlO2 （LAO） and to relieve the strains due to a large thermal mismatch be- tween LAO and InN. Then the high temperature m-plane InN （1 1 00） epilayers （HT-InN） were grown. The results of X-ray diffraction （XRD） suggest that the m-plane InN （1 1 00） epilayer is a single crystal. The X-ray rocking curves （co scans） （XRC） and atomic force microscopy （AFM） indicate that the m-plane InN （1 1 00） epilayer has anisotropic crystallographic properties. The PL studies of the materials reveal a remarkable energy band gap structure around 0.70 eV at 15 K.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This study investigated the second indirect climatic effect of anthropogenic aerosols, including sulfate, organic carbon （OC）, and black carbon （BC）, over East Asia. The seasonal variation of the ...climatic response to the second indirect effect was also characterized. The simulation period for this study was 2006. Due to a decrease in autoconversion rate from cloud water to rain as a result of aerosols, the cloud liquid water path （LWP）, and radiative flux （RF） at the top of the atmosphere （TOA） changed dramatically, increasing by 14.3 g m^2 and de- creasing by -4.1 W m^2 in terms of domain and annual average. Both LWP and RF changed most in autumn. There were strong decreases in ground temperature in Southwest China, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in spring and autumn, while maximum cooling of up to -1.5 K occurred in the Chongqing district. The regional and annual mean change in ground temperature reached -0.2 K over eastern China. In all seasons except summer, precipitation generally decreased in most areas north of the Yangtze River, whereas precipitation changed little in South China, Precipitation changed most in summer, with alternating bands of increasing （-40 mm） and decreasing （-40 mm） precipitation appearing in eastern China. Precipitation decreased by 1.5-40 mm over large areas of Northeast China and the Huabei Plain. The domain and annual mean change in precipitation was approximately 0.3 mm over eastern China. The maximum reduction in precipitation occurred in summer, with mean absolute and relative changes of-1.2 mm and -3.8% over eastern China. This study revealed considerable climate responses to the second indirect effect of aerosols over specific regions of China.
49-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic heart disease was admitted to the hospital because ofwo Fou rep pro reg rsening dyspnea and orthopnea with cyanosis of the r extremities. She underwent ...prosthetic mitral valve lacement 15 years ago for mitral stenosis. Due to sthetic valve dysfunction and severe aortic urgitation, she received both mechanical aortic and ral valve replacements 2 years later.
Background Although bronchoscopy has been widely performed in China, little has been known about its current state and development. In order to investigate the clinical application of bronchoscopy ...and make instructions for future education and development, the Chinese Society of Respiratory Diseases conducted postal surveys in both 2008 and 2010 in China. Method Questionnaires were sent to 40 tertiary grade A hospitals in 2008 and 58 tertiary grade A hospitals in 2010 to investigate bronchoscopies performed in 2007 and 2009 respectively. Results Thirty （75%） hospitals returned the completed questionnaires in 2008 and forty-one （71%） hospitals in 2010. All the respondents possessed flexible bronchoscopes. Fifty percent of the respondents had less than five in 2007, while more than 50% of the respondents had 5-9 bronchoscopes in 2009. All the respondents performed a radiograph or CT scan before bronchoscopy. Percentage of general anesthesia and no pre-medication before bronchoscopy increased, while atropine usage decreased in 2009 compared to 2007. During bronchoscopy, pulse oximetry was the most widely used monitoring method. Most respondents used the nasal route to perform routine bronchoscopy. After the procedure, they used sinks to wash and glutaraldehyde to disinfect the bronchoscopes. The total number of flexible bronchoscopies performed during 2007 was 37 874 and the average was 1262. Whereas in 2009, the total number was 60 178 and the average was 1468. Diagnostic bronchoscopy was more widely used than therapeutic bronchoscopy. The mortality rate was 0.076%0 in 2007 and 0.032%0 in 2009. Conclusions The two surveys, to some extent, reflected the current status and development of bronchoscopy in China. The results are worthy of future education and developing of new guidelines. Regular surveys and monitoring of bronchoscopies across China are needed.
The adipocytokine,apelin-13,is an abundantly expressed peptide in the nervous system.Apelin-13 protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury and attenuates traumatic brain injury by ...suppressing autophagy.However,secondary apelin-13 effects on traumatic brain injury-induced neural cell death and blood-brain barrier integrity are still not clear.Here,we found that apelin-13 significantly decreases cerebral water content,mitigates blood-brain barrier destruction,reduces aquaporin-4 expression,diminishes caspase-3 and Bax expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus,and reduces apoptosis.These results show that apelin-13 attenuates secondary injury after traumatic brain injury and exerts a neuroprotective effect.
· AIM: To evaluate the application of ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM) in the examination of lacrimal canalicular diseases, and to investigate UBM image characteristics of lacrimal canaliculi in disease ...states.·METHODS: Sixty cases(63 eyes, 69 canaliculi) of lacrimal canalicular diseases were enrolled that included32 patients(32 eyes, 32 canaliculi) with chronic lacrimal canaliculitis, 18 patients(18 eyes, 18 canaliculi) with previous lacrimal canalicular laceration, 9 patients(12eyes, 18 canaliculi) with congenital absence of lacrimal puncta and canaliculi, and 1 case(1 eye, 1 canaliculus)of canalicular mass. The patients were examined using UBM, and disease-specific features of the UBM images were noted.· RESULTS: UBM imaging of lacrimal canaliculi in chronic canaliculitis patients showed obvious ectasia of the lacrimal canalicular lumen. Dot-like moderate echoic signals were detected on some ectatic lumina of the lacrimal canaliculus. Some lumen-like structures of the lower lacrimal canaliculus were observed in 2(2 eyes, 2canaliculi) of the 9 patients(12 eyes, 18 canaliculi) with congenital absence of the lacrimal canaliculus. Of the 18patients(18 eyes, 18 canaliculi) with previous lacrimal canalicular laceration, the lacerated end on the nasal side of the lacrimal canaliculus was detected only in 14patients(14 eyes, 14 canaliculi).·CONCLUSION: UBM can be used to evaluate lacrimal canalicular diseases and can provide an imaging basis for the diagnosis of lacrimal canalicular diseases.
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