Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a family of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are endogenous and widely distributed in different species, performing several functions, mainly their association with microRNAs ...(miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins. CVDs remain the leading cause of death worldwide; therefore, the development of new therapies and strategies, such as gene therapies or nonpharmacological therapies, with low cost, such as physical exercise, to alleviate these diseases is of extreme importance for society. With increasing evidence of ncRNA participating in the progression of CVDs, several studies have reported these RNAs as promising targets for diagnosis and treatment. There are several studies of CVDs and the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs; however, little is known about the new class of RNAs, called circRNAs, and CVDs. In this mini review, we focus on the mechanisms of circRNAs and CVDs.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
Restenosis and Atherosclerosis are a public health problem worldwide. There are many instances where arterial injury needs repair and regeneration to avoid heart failure and death. For example in ...atherosclerosis, arterial aneurysms, and restenosis after balloon catheter stenosis. The goal of this study was carry on to characterize the animal model of balloon catheter injury, that characterizes restenosis and identify if the lesion persists for long periods. Also, in restenosis we analyzed the neointimal hyperplasia over time, in rats that underwent balloon catheter injury in the left carotid artery characterizing restenosis.
Methods
In order to characterize the animal model of balloon catheter injury in male Wistar rats with approximately 400 grams of body weight (n=5/group) were divided into 4 groups (20, 40, 60 and 80 days after injury) and balloon catheter (Fogarty 2F, Edwards Lifesciences) was used to cause the injury that was performed on the left carotid artery and the right carotid artery was used as the control. After the each time the injury the rats were euthanized and the arteries were removed for histological and morphological analysis. The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and the circumference of the external elastic lamina and lumen were used to calculate the thickness of the neointimal (EEL‐lumen = neointimal; μm). One‐way ANOVA was used with Tukey post‐hoc, presented in the mean ± standard error of the mean. Significance level was p<0.05.
Results
After the injury, the endothelium was removed by the balloon catheter. Twenty days after the injury, we observed the neointimal layer formation between the middle tunica and the lumen, resulting of the proliferation and cellular migration towards the vessel lumen. Twenty days after the injury the neointimal was increased (219087.62 ± 54837 (p<.0001) compared with the control group, after 40 days we observed increase compared to the 20 days (250751 ± 4076; (p<.0001), however, after 60 days was decreased (90024 ± 5514 (p<0.005) compared to control group, 20 and 40 days. The neointimal layer was stabilized with 80 days (97886 ± 13546 (p=0.0266).
Conclusion
The rats submitted to catheter balloon injury showed an increase in the thickness of the neointimal, characterizing the model as effective to promote mechanical damage in the vessel lumen. These results showed that in the control group the neointimal hyperplasia was null, while the peak of growth was with 40 days after the injury stabilizing with 80 days. Thus, this is an effective model for studies of protocols for the prevention of long‐term restenosis.
Support or Funding Information
CAPES, CNPq and FAPESP
This is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this published in The FASEB Journal.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We tested the effects of low- to moderate-intensity resistance exercise training (RT) on the structure and function of pulmonary, right ventricle (RV), and skeletal muscle tissues in rats with stable ...pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH).
After the first monocrotaline (MCT; 20 mg/kg) injection, male rats were submitted to a RT program (Ladder climbing; 55–65 % intensity), 5 times/week. Seven days later rats received the second MCT dose. Physical effort tolerance test and echocardiographic examination were performed. After euthanasia, lung, heart, and biceps brachii were processed for histological, single myocyte, and biochemical analysis.
RT improved survival and physical effort tolerance (i.e., maximum carrying load), mitigated the pulmonary artery resistance increase (i.e., TA/TE), and preserved cardiac function (i.e., fractional shortening, ejection fraction, stroke volume and TAPSE). RT counteracted oxidative stress (i.e., CAT, SOD, GST, MDA and NO) and adverse remodeling in lung (i.e., collapsed alveoli) and in biceps brachii (i.e., atrophy and total collagen) tissues. RT delayed RV adverse remodeling (i.e., hypertrophy, extracellular matrix, collagen types I and III, and fibrosis) and impairments in single RV myocyte contractility (i.e., amplitude and velocity to peak and relaxation). RT improved the expression of gene (i.e., miRNA 214) and intracellular Ca2+ cycling regulatory proteins (i.e., PLBser16); and of pathological (i.e., α/β-MHC and Foxo3) and physiological (i.e., Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR, and Bcl-xL) hypertrophy pathways markers in RV tissue.
Low- to moderate-intensity RT benefits the structure and function of pulmonary, RV, and skeletal muscle tissues in rats with stable pulmonary artery hypertension.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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