Summary
An evolution experiment with the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum revealed that several adaptive mutations conferring enhanced fitness in plants arose in the efpR gene encoding ...a regulator of virulence and metabolic functions. In this study, we found that an efpR mutant systematically displays colonies with two morphotypes: the type S (‘smooth’, similar to the wild type) and the type EV (‘efpR variant’). We demonstrated that the efpH gene, a homologue of efpR, plays a key role in the control of phenotypic heterogeneity, the ΔefpR‐ΔefpH double mutant being stably locked into the EV type. Using mixed infection assays, we demonstrated that the type EV is metabolically more proficient than the type S and displays fitness gain in specific environments, whereas the type S has a better fitness into the plant environment. We provide evidence that this efpR‐dependent phenotypic heterogeneity is a general feature of strains of the R. solanacearum species complex and could occur in natural conditions. This study highlights the potential role of phenotypic heterogeneity in this plant pathogen as an adaptive trait to changing environments.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The global regulator PhcA controls numerous traits associated to virulence and bacterial proliferation in strains of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. Here, we conducted a ...genome-wide RNA sequencing study of the GMI1000 wild-type strain and a derived phcA mutant grown in complete medium. The PhcA regulon we identified is the largest regulon described to date in the R. solanacearum species complex with 1581 regulated genes, representing about 30% of the bacterial genome. Among these genes, 166 transcription regulators were identified including known regulators controlling major cellular functions such as the Type 3 secretion system and 27 novel regulators that were not identified in previous transcriptomic studies. This study highlights that PhcA controls other functions beside pathogenicity stricto sensu which participate to the global cell homeostasis (metabolism, energy storage). We then compared the PhcA regulon identified in complete medium to the recently published PhcA regulon obtained in planta. This comparison of the set of GMI1000 genes subjected to PhcA regulation in both conditions revealed 383 common genes. Among them, 326 (85%) had a similar PhcA dependent regulation pattern in complete medium and in planta, and 57 (15%) displayed an opposite regulation pattern. A large majority of the genes repressed by PhcA in complete medium but activated in planta belong to the HrpG-HrpB regulon, which represents a set of key genes required for R. solanacearum pathogenesis. This latter class of genes appears to be specifically induced by PhcA in the plant environment whereas PhcA represses their expression in complete medium. The large set of direct and indirect targets identified in this study will contribute to enrich our knowledge of the intricate regulatory network coordinating the expression of virulence and metabolic functions in the model plant pathogen R. solanacearum.
•The PhcA regulon of R. solanacearum in complete medium (CM) is analysed.•30% of the whole bacterial genes are regulated by PhcA.•PhcA controls functions involved in pathogenicity and global cell homeostasis.•Most of PhcA-regulated genes have similar regulation pattern in CM and in planta.•Genes regulated by HrpG-HrpB are induced by PhcA in planta but repressed in CM.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Experimental evolution of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, where bacteria were maintained on plant lineages for more than 300 generations, revealed that several independent single mutations ...in the efpR gene from populations propagated on beans were associated with fitness gain on bean. In the present work, novel allelic efpR variants were isolated from populations propagated on other plant species, thus suggesting that mutations in efpR were not solely associated to a fitness gain on bean, but also on additional hosts. A transcriptomic profiling and phenotypic characterization of the efpR deleted mutant showed that EfpR acts as a global catabolic repressor, directly or indirectly down-regulating the expression of multiple metabolic pathways. EfpR also controls virulence traits such as exopolysaccharide production, swimming and twitching motilities and deletion of efpR leads to reduced virulence on tomato plants after soil drenching inoculation. We studied the impact of the single mutations that occurred in efpR during experimental evolution and found that these allelic mutants displayed phenotypic characteristics similar to the deletion mutant, although not behaving as complete loss-of-function mutants. These adaptive mutations therefore strongly affected the function of efpR, leading to an expanded metabolic versatility that should benefit to the evolved clones. Altogether, these results indicated that EfpR is a novel central player of the R. solanacearum virulence regulatory network. Independent mutations therefore appeared during experimental evolution in the evolved clones, on a crucial node of this network, to favor adaptation to host vascular tissues through regulatory and metabolic rewiring.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
How do public employees respond to organizational identity threats? The present study investigates how public employees make sense of and react to threatening events that may call into question ...organization's core attributes and status. Using social identity theory and the appraisal theory of emotions, we develop a model in which organizational identity induced by negative media coverage threat provokes shame that results in exemplification. We further explain the role of public service motivation as a moderator of the proposed mediated relationships. Predictions are tested in an experimental study and a field study involving French police officers. Our results show that shame mediated the positive effect of organizational identity threat on police officers' exemplification behaviors. When public service motivation is high, police officers are more likely to engage in exemplification to cope with organizational identity threat than when it is slow. Theoretical and practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract As a strategy to optimise osteointegration of biomaterials by inducing proper extracellular matrix synthesis, and specifically angiogenic growth factor production and storage, we tested the ...effects of cyclic mechanical compression on 3D cultures of human osteoblast-like cells. MG-63 cells were seeded into 3D porous hydroxyapatite ceramics under vacuum to enable a homogenous cellular distribution. A four-day culture period allowed cell proliferation throughout the scaffolds. Low amplitude cyclic compressions were then applied to the scaffolds for 15 min with different regimens generated by the ZetOS™ system. A 3 Hz sinusoidal (sine) signal increased slightly collagen and fibronectin expression. When 50 Hz or 100 Hz vibrations were superimposed to the 3 Hz signal, matrix protein expression was down-regulated. In contrast, adding a 25 Hz vibration up-regulated significantly collagen and fibronectin. Moreover, expression of a matrix-bound variant of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) was specifically stimulated compared to control or 3 Hz sine, and non-soluble VEGF protein was increased. Our study enabled us to identify low-amplitude, high-frequency strain regimen able to increase major matrix proteins of bone tissue and to regulate the expression of VEGF variants, showing that an appropriate combined loading has the potential to functionalise cellularized bone-like constructs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne plant pathogen, responsible of the bacterial wilt disease. Its unusual wide host range (more than 250 plant species), aggressiveness, and broad geographic ...distribution have made of this bacterium the main plant pathogenic model in the beta-Proteobacteria class. Many R. solanacearum strains have the ability to internalize exogenous DNA through natural transformation. This property is widely used in reverse genetics studies to create mutants or reporter gene constructs, in the aim to study the molecular bases of pathogenesis of this bacterium. In this chapter, we describe three in vitro methods (natural transformation, electrotransformation, and conjugation) commonly used to produce recombinant R. solanacearum cells after introduction of exogenous DNA.
Ecological transitions between different lifestyles, such as pathogenicity, mutualism and saprophytism, have been very frequent in the course of microbial evolution, and often driven by horizontal ...gene transfer. Yet, how genomes achieve the ecological transition initiated by the transfer of complex biological traits remains poorly known. Here, we used experimental evolution, genomics, transcriptomics and high-resolution phenotyping to analyze the evolution of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum into legume symbionts, following the transfer of a natural plasmid encoding the essential mutualistic genes. We show that a regulatory pathway of the recipient R. solanacearum genome involved in extracellular infection of natural hosts was reused to improve intracellular symbiosis with the Mimosa pudica legume. Optimization of intracellular infection capacity was gained through mutations affecting two components of a new regulatory pathway, the transcriptional regulator efpR and a region upstream from the RSc0965-0967 genes of unknown functions. Adaptive mutations caused the downregulation of efpR and the over-expression of a downstream regulatory module, the three unknown genes RSc3146-3148, two of which encoding proteins likely associated to the membrane. This over-expression led to important metabolic and transcriptomic changes and a drastic qualitative and quantitative improvement of nodule intracellular infection. In addition, these adaptive mutations decreased the virulence of the original pathogen. The complete efpR/RSc3146-3148 pathway could only be identified in the genomes of the pathogenic R. solanacearum species complex. Our findings illustrate how the rewiring of a genetic network regulating virulence allows a radically different type of symbiotic interaction and contributes to ecological transitions and trade-offs.
Stringent factors orchestrate bacterial cell reprogramming through increasing the level of the alarmones (p)ppGpp. In Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria, SpoT hydrolyzes (p)ppGpp to counteract the ...synthetase activity of RelA. However, structural information about how SpoT controls the levels of (p)ppGpp is missing. Here we present the crystal structure of the hydrolase-only SpoT from Acinetobacter baumannii and uncover the mechanism of intramolecular regulation of 'long'-stringent factors. In contrast to ribosome-associated Rel/RelA that adopt an elongated structure, SpoT assumes a compact τ-shaped structure in which the regulatory domains wrap around a Core subdomain that controls the conformational state of the enzyme. The Core is key to the specialization of long RelA-SpoT homologs toward either synthesis or hydrolysis: the short and structured Core of SpoT stabilizes the τ-state priming the hydrolase domain for (p)ppGpp hydrolysis, whereas the longer, more dynamic Core domain of RelA destabilizes the τ-state priming the monofunctional RelA for efficient (p)ppGpp synthesis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ
The effects of low-magnitude, high-frequency (LMHF) mechanical stimulation on osteoblastic cells are poorly understood. We have developed a system that generates very small (15–40 με), high-frequency ...(400 Hz, sine) deformations on osteoblast cultures (MC3T3-E1). We investigated the effects of these LMHF stimulations mainly on extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. The functional properties of this ECM after decellularization were evaluated on C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). LMHF stimulations were applied 20 min once daily for 1, 3, or 7 days in MC3T3-E1 culture (1, 3, or 7 dLMHF). Cell number and viability were not affected after 3 or 7 dLMHF. Osteoblast response to LMHF was assessed by an increase in nitric oxide secretion, alteration of the cytoskeleton, and focal contacts. mRNA expression for fibronectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and type I collagen in LMHF cultures were 1.8-, 1.6-, 1.5-, and 1.7-fold higher than controls, respectively (
P
< 0.05). In terms of protein, osteopontin levels were increased after 3 dLMHF and ECM organization was altered as shown by fibronectin topology after 7 dLMHF. After decellularization, 7 dLMHF-ECM or control ECM was reseeded with MSCs. Seven dLMHF-ECM improved early events such as cell attachment (2 h) and focal contact adhesion (6 h) and, later (16 h), modified MSC morphological parameters. After 5 days in multipotential medium, gene-expression changes indicated that 7 dLMHF-ECM promoted the expression of osteoblast markers at the expense of adipogenic marker. LMHF stimulations of osteoblasts are therefore efficient and sufficient to generate osteogenic matrix.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Les cellules osseuses évoluent in vivo sur des matrices extracellulaires principalement formées de collagène de type I, dont le degré de minéralisation varie au cours du remodelage osseux. Le minéral ...de l'os, de structure apatitique, a été montré comme potentialisant les activités et modifiant la forme des cellules ostéoblastiques. Dans le but de comprendre les effets du micro-environnement matriciel sur les évènements précurseurs à la phase de formation, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que ces modifications morphologiques pouvaient expliquer en elles-mêmes l'augmentation de l'activité descellules ostéoblastiques, par augmentation de leur mécano-sensibilité, et que ce changement de préhension environnementale pouvait moduler la réponse aux stimulations mécaniques les plus fréquemment observées in vivo, à savoir les micro-vibrations. Nous avons montré que sur les matériaux de collagène minéralisé ACC (Apatite Collagen Complex), les pré-ostéoblastes de la lignée MC3T3-E1 synthétisaient une matrice riche en ostéopontine, fibronectine et facteurs angiogéniques, de façon concomitante à une augmentation dépendante de la quantité de minéral de leur adhérence et de leur migration. Nous avons de plus observé une augmentation de la mécano-sensibilité (expression et turn-over augmentés des adhésions focales) des pré-ostéoblastes sur ACC. Finalement, nous avons établi que la réponse aux stimuli vibratoires était positive sur des matériaux non minéralisés (information) et négative sur ACC (stress) par rapports aux supports non stimulés, ce que nous avons interprété comme une hypersensibilité mécanique cellulairelors de la culture sur ACC. L'ensemble de ces données nous a montré que les modifications de mécanique cellulaire de préostéoblastes cultivés sur ACC engendraient une fonctionalisation spécifique ressemblant à celle observée in vivo dans la ligne cémentante, indispensable à la formation osseuse. D'autre part, les modifications de mécano-sensibilité observées sur ACC, en faisant un support mécano-mimétique et nous amenant à la comparaison du comportement cellulaire observé avec les ostéocytes, pourraient en elles-mêmes expliquer le dépôt matriciel spécifique et la réception modifiée aux signaux vibratoires. Dans notre but ultime de création d'un modèle de remodelage osseux in vitro, les paramètres physicochimiques matriciels osseux et l'établissement de cocultures seront à prendre en compte
Bone cells interact in vivo with extracellular matrices mainly formed of type-I collagen, for which the mineral content changes during the bone remodeling cycle. Bone mineral, which is apatitic in nature, was shown to respectively increase and alter the activity and form of osteoblasts. In order to study the micro-environmental effects of the matrix on the preliminary steps of bone formation, it was hypothesized that these morphological alterations could explain the increased activity of the osteoblastic cells by enhancing their mecano-sensibility. This altered mechano-sensibility could in turn modify the osteoblastic cells’ response to the widely perceived micro-vibrations in vivo. It was demonstrated that, on the collagen-mineralized materials ACC (Apatite Collagen Complex), MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells formed a matrix rich in osteopontin, fibronectin and angiogenic factors. At the same time, an increase in cell adhesion and migration dependent on the mineral content was seen. We also observed an enhanced mechano-sensibility (increased focal adhesion gene expression and turn-over) when cells were cultured on ACC. Furthermore, it was found that the vibratory stimuli response was up-regulated on non-mineralized materials (information) and downregulated on ACC (stress) vs. non-stimulated substrates. This observation was interpreted as a hypersensitization to environmental cues on ACC. Taken together, these data have demonstrated that pre-osteoblastic cell mechanic alterations on ACC give rise to a specific functionalization mimicking what is observed in vivo in the cement line required for bone-formation. ACC-related mechano-sensibility changes, which render ACC a mechanomimetic substrate and lead us to compare the observed cell behavior with osteocytes, could explain the specific matrix deposition and altered response to vibrations. The final goal of establishing a model for in vitro bone remodeling can only be fulfill by considering physico-chemical parameters of the bonematrix and cocultures
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