Vertical InAs nanowire transistors are fabricated on Si using a gate-last method, allowing for lithography-based control of the vertical gate length. The best devices combine good ON- and ...OFF-performance, exhibiting an ON-current of 0.14 mA/μm, and a sub-threshold swing of 90 mV/dec at 190 nm L G . The device with the highest transconductance shows a peak value of 1.6 mS/μm. From RF measurements, the border trap densities are calculated and compared between devices fabricated using the gate-last and gate-first approaches, demonstrating no significant difference in trap densities. The results thus confirm the usefulness of implementing digital etching in thinning down the channel dimensions.
Vertical nanowires with cointegrated metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect‐transistor (MOSFET) selectors and nonvolatile resistive random access memory (RRAM) cells represent a promising candidate ...for fast, energy‐efficient, cross‐point memory cells. This paper explores indium‐tin‐oxide‐hafnium‐dioxide RRAM cells integrated onto arrays of indium‐arsenide (InAs) vertical nanowires with a resulting area of 0.06 µm2 per cell. For low current operation, an improved switching uniformity over the intrinsic self‐compliant behavior is demonstrated when using an external InAs nanowire MOSFET selector in series. The memory cells show consistent switching voltages below ±1 V and a switching cycle endurance of 106 is demonstrated. The developed fabrication scheme is fully compatible with low‐ON‐resistance vertical III‐V nanowire MOSFET selectors, where operational compatibility with the initial high‐field filament forming is established. Due to the small footprint of a vertical implementation, high density integration is achievable, and with a measured programming energy for 50 ns pulses at 0.49 pJ, the technology promises fast and ultralow power cross‐point memory arrays.
Vertical III‐V metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect‐transistor selectors combined with low‐voltage indium‐tin‐oxide‐hafnium‐dioxide resistive random access memory cells can potentially be used to realize dense and energy‐efficient cross‐point memory arrays. With a low temperature fabrication scheme fully compatible for selector and memory cointegration, and a measured programming energy of 0.49 pJ, this paper outlines the prospect for future ultralow power nonvolatile memory implementations.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
One consequence of the widened participation in higher education (HE) is that the social demarcation line that once existed at the entrance to HE has moved inside the HE system. This study ...investigates how students experience social friction when demarcation lines are crossed and how such friction develops over time. This was achieved by repeated interviews with the same 10 HE students during their time at university. The study deploys habitus and hysteresis to explain how social dispositions from social origins are challenged but able to change when they are exposed to unfamiliar social situations. The study reveals how social friction in relation to both social background and to the HE system, progresses in terms of either fading or amplifying. These findings are concluded in a model that offers a systematic way of investigating how students experience HE over time in relation to social background.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
We examine the success of knowledge transfer within an MNE network by unpacking aggregate knowledge flows into individual projects. We assess knowledge transfer performance along two dimensions: ...utilization of transferred knowledge and transfer cost. We argue that the substitutive versus complementary nature of subunits' activities is a key determinant of knowledge utilization at the target subunit. Further, we posit that headquarters' incentives and monitoring are crucial factors affecting both the utilization and transfer cost dimensions. Our empirical results, based on 141 individual intersubunit knowledge transfer projects involving 49 subunits in 12 European countries largely support our arguments. Our methodology highlights the fact that aggregate measures of interunit knowledge flows can be misleading since they may include individual projects with widely differing levels of success.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Context. Snowlines are key ingredients for planet formation. Providing observational constraints on the locations of the major snowlines is therefore crucial for fully connecting planet compositions ...to their formation mechanism. Unfortunately, the most important snowline, that of water, is very difficult to observe directly in protoplanetary disks because of the close proximity of this snowline to the central star. Aims. Based on chemical considerations, HCO+ is predicted to be a good chemical tracer of the water snowline because it is particularly abundant in dense clouds when water is frozen out. This work aims to map the optically thin isotopolog H13CO+ toward the envelope of the low-mass protostar NGC 1333-IRAS2A, where the snowline is at a greater distance from the star than in disks. Comparison with previous observations of H218O show whether H13CO+ is indeed a good tracer of the water snowline. Methods. NGC 1333-IRAS2A was observed using the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) at ~0.′′9 resolution, targeting the H13CO+ J = 3 − 2 transition at 260.255 GHz. The integrated emission profile was analyzed using 1D radiative transfer modeling of a spherical envelope with a parametrized abundance profile for H13CO+. This profile was validated with a full chemical model. Results. The H13CO+ emission peaks ~ 2′′ northeast of the continuum peak, whereas H218O shows compact emission on source. Quantitative modeling shows that a decrease in H13CO+ abundance by at least a factor of six is needed in the inner ~360 AU to reproduce the observed emission profile. Chemical modeling indeed predicts a steep increase in HCO+ just outside the water snowline; the 50% decrease in gaseous H2O at the snowline is not enough to allow HCO+ to be abundant. This places the water snowline at 225 AU, further away from the star than expected based on the 1D envelope temperature structure for NGC 1333-IRAS2A. In contrast, DCO+ observations show that the CO snowline is at the expected location, making an outburst scenario unlikely. Conclusions. The spatial anticorrelation of H13CO+ and H218O emission provide proof of concept that H13CO+ can be used as a tracer of the water snowline.
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FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
For this study, Swedish upper secondary schoolteacher students were interviewed about their experiences and perceptions of teacher work in light of the traditional gendered division of labor in ...teaching. While female teaching has been signified by caring work, male teaching has been signified by distant teacher-pupil relations and the use of bodily resources to discipline pupils. In this study, both genders expressed feeling comforted when teacher practice corresponded to the traditional gendered division of labor and experiencing unease when it did not. Women expressed shortcomings in their ability to perform authoritative work because of their lack of male bodily resources. This subordination has been understood as symbolic violence, processed by a gendered habitus that structures women to prefer a special type of teacher work. Despite a small female majority in the profession and in teacher education, male domination still permeates the professional properties of the upper secondary schoolteacher work.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Dyes like Brilliant Blue have similar adsorptive behaviour as some organic contaminants, e.g., pesticides. Bromide ions, on the other hand, move much like NO3-N (fertilizer) in soil. Consequently, by ...using these two tracers, it is possible to in a general way mimic how organic contaminants and fertilizers may move through soils. Three plots with sandy soil in semiarid Tunisia were irrigated during three successive hours using a single irrigation dripper and high-saline solution (10.50 dS m-1) containing dye and bromide. Fifteen hours after cease of infiltration, horizontal 5 cm trenches were dug in the soil and dye pattern, bromide concentration, and soil water content were recorded. Preferential flow occurred to some degree, however, it did not dominate the solute transport process. Therefore, drip irrigation can be recommended to improve plant culture for a better water and soil nutrient adsorption. Numerical simulation using HYDRUS-2D/3D was performed to replicate the field experiments. Observed soil water contents before and after infiltration were used to run an inverse parameter estimation procedure to identify soil hydraulic parameters. It was found that for both field experiments and numerical simulations the mobility of bromide is different from the mobility of dye. The dye was retarded approximately twice by volume as compared to bromide. The simulation results support the use of HYDRUS-2D/3D as a rapid and labor saving tool for investigating tracers' mobility in sandy soil under point source irrigation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Despite the increasing longevity of the world's population, with an unprecedented rise in the number of people who need palliative care (PC), there has been sparse research regarding palliative care ...for older people, especially when it comes to comparison of PC between healthcare systems and cultures. The aim of this systematic scoping review was to identify the characteristics of the body of literature and to examine the knowledge gaps concerning PC research for older people (> 60 years) in two healthcare systems and cultures, mainland China and Sweden.
The guidelines PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews), and PICOS (Patient/population, Intervention, Comparison/control, and Outcome) were used. Empirical studies on patients 60 years or older, next of kin or staff participating in a palliative care intervention or setting were included. They were conducted in mainland China or in Sweden during 2007-2019, were published in English and were extracted from seven databases: Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Cinahl, PsycInfo, Academic Search Complete and Cochrane Library. Two independent researchers conducted the selection of studies, data extraction and methodological evaluation. Any disagreements were resolved in consultation with a third researcher. The analysis was manifest directed content analysis based on PICOS domains.
Of the 15 studies, four were from mainland China and 11 from Sweden. Both countries included older patients with cancer but also other end-stage diseases such as heart failure and dementia. The studies differed in design, method and the content of the interventions. The study in China based on traditional Chinese medicine concerns traditional Chinese folk music. The six qualitative studies from Sweden were evaluations of five interventions.
Despite the high age of the participating patients, there was no focus on an ageing perspective concerning palliative care. To adapt to the changes taking place in most societies, future research should have increased focus on older persons' need for palliative care and should take account of issues concerning research ethics, ethnicity and culture.
CRD42020078685 , available from.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Titanium nitride and hafnium oxide stack have been widely used in various resistive memory elements since the materials are complementary‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor compatible. The understanding of ...the interface properties between the electrode and the oxide is important in designing the memory behavior. To bridge this understanding, HfOx grown using plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) and thermal atomic layer deposition (TALD) are compared, in terms of band alignment and electrical performances in the HfOx/PEALD TiN stacks. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals a thicker interfacial TiO2 layer in the PEALD HfOx/TiN stack whose interface resembles more to the PEALD HfOx/TiO2 interface (conduction band offset ΔEC = 1.63 eV), whereas the TALD HfOx stack interface resembles more to the TALD HfOx/TiN interface (ΔEC = 2.22 eV). The increase in the forming voltage and the early onset of reverse filament formation (RFF) in the I–V measurements for the PEALD HfOx stack confirms the presence of the thicker interfacial layer; the early onset of RFF is likely related to a smaller ΔEC. The findings show the importance of understanding the intricate details of the material stack, where ΔEC difference and the presence of a thicker TiO2 interfacial layer due to different deposition procedures affect the device performance.
The application of thermal atomic layer deposition HfO2 raises the margin for the onset of reverse filament formation and improves endurance in the resistive‐random‐access‐memory (RRAM) stack. These findings shows that an observed difference in conduction band offset and the presence of a thicker TiO2 interfacial layer due to different deposition procedures has a significant impact on the device performance.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this technical note the ability to estimate surface soil moisture (theta) from soil color using image analysis is evaluated. Four natural soils and uniform fine sand were used. Calibration soil ...samples with varying from 0 to 0.40 m3 m-3 in 0.05 m3 m-3 increments were prepared and photographed. The variations in soil color with were investigated in both the RGB (red, green, and blue) and HSV (hue, saturation, and value) color spaces. Generally, all tested soils became darker when wetted up to a certain limit (around 0.25 m3 m-3). However, many soils actually became lighter again at the highest levels. This was due to that some water was visible on the soil surface causing reflections. A simple linear regression model between S and V was selected to estimate from the soil color. The model performed excellent in the fine sand and in two natural soils with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.011 to 0.017 m3 m-3. In the two other soils the RMSE was about 0.025 m3 m-3. An independent validation data set was also collected for the sand. The calibrated model performed well also in the validation data set with a RMSE of 0.015 m3 m-3. From the limited data presented in this study, it seems that the relationship between soil color and is stronger in light colored soils with low organic matter content. Some examples of practical applications of the method are also suggested in the paper.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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