The main purpose of this research was to develop a method for the classification of body posture types, using a three-dimensional body scanner and data on anthropometric measurement. A sample of 102 ...male test subjects, aged from 20 to 30 years, and without structural deformities of the locomotor system, were scanned. Anthropometric body measurement was performed and 16 measurements were selected to calculate upper and lower body curve angles as a set of posture indicators. The number of maximally different groups of test subjects was determined using k-means cluster analysis and factor analysis of established posture indicators. The sampling into three upper and three lower posture types showed the largest statistically significant differentiation, comparing the results of variance analysis between and within the obtained groups, which confirmed three main components extracted by factor analysis. Discriminant analysis used in order to determine differences between posture types showed which indicators are the most important when classifying test subjects belonging to a particular upper or lower posture type. Classification functions were defined based on discrimination functions and their factor loadings, and used to calculate a matrix of correctly classified test subjects. The classification matrix showed very high prediction possibility of established posture indicators and the proposed method for body posture classification.
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Contemporary CAD systems enable 3D clothing simulation for the purpose of predicting the appearance and behavior of conventional and intelligent clothing in real conditions. The physical and ...mechanical properties of the fabric and the simulation parameters play an important role in this issue. The paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the polygonal computer model that affect fabric drape simulation. Experimental research on physical and mechanical properties were performed for nine fabrics. For this purpose, the values of the parameters for the tensile, bending, shear, and compression properties were determined at low loads, while the complex deformations were analyzed using Cusick drape meter devices. The fabric drape simulations were performed using the 2D/3D CAD system for a computer clothing design on a disk model, corresponding to real testing on the drape tester in order to allow a correlation analysis between the values of drape parameters of the simulated fabrics and the realistically measured values for each fabric. Each fabric was simulated as a polygonal model with a variable related to the side length of the polygon to analyze the influence of the polygon size, i.e., mesh density, on the model behavior in the simulation. Based on the simulated fabric drape shape, the values of the areas within the curves necessary to calculate the drape coefficients of the simulated fabrics were determined in the program for 3D modelling. The results were statistically processed and correlations between the values of the drape coefficients and the optimal parameters for simulating certain physical and mechanical properties of the fabric were determined. The results showed that the mesh density of the polygonal model is an important parameter for the simulation results.
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Dynamic anthropometry is a research field that refers to the physical characteristics and considers the measuring of a human body in dynamic positions. In dynamic positions, specific body ...measurements and surface dimensions change significantly compared to the measurements in a resting state. In that sense, this paper presents a research on dimensional changes conducted on a group of male test subjects in three dynamic positions with a defined set of body measurements relevant for the analysis of body measurement changes compared to the upright standing position. Using a Vitus Smart 3D body scanner and the Anthroscan program, the test subjects were scanned and measured in the upright standing position according to ISO 20685 and in three dynamic positions. Depending on the defined measurements for the analysis in each dynamic position, scanning markers were attached to test subjects’ bodies to ensure the precise determination of anthropometric measuring points. Based on the obtained measurement results, dimensional changes and correlations of the three dynamic positions relative to the measurements in the upright standing position were analysed. The analysis showed significant differences in dynamic positions measurements compared to the upright standing position and indicated the assumption that the dimensional changes of body in motion within a specific body constitution group depend on the initial body part dimensions. The determined results can be used in the design and construction process of functional clothing, since the target values of the garment ease allowances can be determined based on the measurement changes.
The aim of this study was to determine differences in body proportions and measurements of basketball players and an untrained group of the general population, as well as the impact of physical ...differences on garment fit through the Croatian sizing system for labeling men's clothing based on the European standard EN 13402. It was hypothesized that clothes made according to the system for labeling men's clothing are not appropriate for the population of basketball players. Differences in morphological properties of the basketball players, as a result of many years of active sport playing, were found both by conventional anthropometric measurement method and three-dimensional (3D) body scanning. Anthropometric measurements were taken for the needs of the clothing industry according to ISO 3635, ISO 8559 and ISO 20685. The study was conducted on a sample of 189 male test subjects, aged between 15 and 25 years, who are professional basketball players and sample of a 189 test subjects for the untrained group of the general population of the same age. Statistical data results included factor and discriminate analysis. Differences in the body measurements of basketball players and the untrained group of the general population were analyzed through an independent samples t-test.
Considering that differences in the upper body part have a large impact on garment fit, compared to the average body measurements, that is, the existing clothing sizing system, a proposal for the amendment of the sizing system for basketball players, with average body measurements by size, was made. In addition, for the purposes of the study, 20 anthropometric variables related to the upper body part and required for the clothing construction were analyzed. In order to test the garment fit, two men's shirt prototypes of the same garment size, one based on the existing sizing systems and one based on the proposed amendment for basketball players, were developed using a two-dimensional/3D computer-aided design system. Computer simulations performed on the average basketball player body model showed the unsuitable fit of a men's shirt constructed according to the existing sizing system and the satisfying fit of a men's shirt constructed according to measurements of the proposed amendment for basketball players, confirming the possible application of the conducted research results and the proposed sizing amendment.
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3D scanning technology and contemporary CAD systems have enabled various applications of scan data for different industries. 3D scan data have become the basis for the highly accurate digital ...representation of objects. CAD systems, on the other hand, enabled scan data restoration and modifi cation in order to get precise 3D models. Apart from being used in industries such as engineering and the automotive industries, CAD systems are today used by the textile and the apparel industry. However, there is a great deal of complexity in reconstructing and modelling 3D scan data of the human body. 3D scan data of the human body can be converted into a triangle mesh, while the CAD restoration process is performed using reverse engineering techniques in order to create a realistic model. Reverse engineering techniques involve the extraction of information about manufactured products. The conversion of data regarding the human body acquired by 3D scanning into a CAD model is a complex direct method. The 3D scan data processing of the human body requires a great deal of knowledge of the basic human anatomy, as the human body has an extremely complex geometry. The reverse modelling procedure is extremely multiplex and time consuming due to the large amount of details, while the workfl ow involved in restoring 3D scan data to even begin the reverse engineering process is complex. In recent studies, non-contact 3D body scanning, together with 3D CAD reverse engineering, could be applied for precise volume measurements for microclimatic volume and area quantifi cation, as the reconstructed model of the human body can serve for the further analysis of the thermal insulation properties of clothing in relation to the volume of air trapped between layers.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of design solutions on the thermal insulation of the garments and the ensembles. Previous studies investigated the microclimatic air gaps and ...volumes, however only under the first - and the second - layered clothing. Since none of the previous studies covered three - layered ensembles, in this study ensembles were accompanied by jackets of different fit and length to investigate the ensembles’ thermal insulation. Variants of bomber jacket differ in the amount of the ease allowance, while variants of the parka differ in length. The thermal insulation of the ensembles increased for 21.6 to 59.7 % when one of the jacket variants was added as the outerwear garment. A threshold volume, after which the thermal insulation will start to decrease due to convection, wasn’t determined for the outerwear third - layered garments nor was the impact of the length of the garment on the thermal insulation clearly stated. This study involved laboratory testing of garments and ensembles by 3D body scanning and thermal manikin measurements. To evaluate the volume of the microclimatic air volume the accurate 3D body scanning was used and the impact of the microclimatic volume on the ensemble’s insulation was tested. The thermal insulation for the selected outerwear garments and afterwards ensembles was measured by resting thermal manikin. Analysis of the results obtained from tests, showed that the garments’ fit and length can be used to model the overall thermal insulation of the ensembles. The ensembles insulation enlargement was measured for microclimatic volumes up to 33.57 dm
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(measured with ensembles accompanied with bomber jacket). The study proved that the limiting microclimatic volume is greater for three - layered clothing, than previously reported. The overall ensembles’ insulation increased simultaneously with the length enlargement (measured with ensembles accompanied with parka jacket). Findings will be of help in the future research on garments and ensembles thermal properties modelled through the design process and the construction.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The aim of this research was to identify the differences in body proportions between football players and the untrained population, and their influence on trouser fit. By identifying the differences ...in body measurements, and comparing the empirical and constructional values of body measurements required for the construction of men’s trousers, an attempt was made to prove the need for a change in the existing cut of trousers. A total of 324 men aged 15 to 26 years participated in the research. The survey involved 162 football players with an average playing experience of 10.7 years and 162 untrained subjects from the general population. A total of 19 variables were analysed relating to the study of the fit of men’s trousers. The SPSS software package was used for statistical data processing. The results showed that the football players were slightly but not significantly, taller, that their chest girth was almost the same as untrained subjects, and that their hip girth was slightly smaller. The greatest and most significant statistical difference was in the mid-thigh girth, which is greater in football players, and the waist girth, which is smaller in football players. Due to the identified value of a statistically significant increase of the mean thigh girth in football players, the modelling of trousers in this area was performed. The performed modelling of men’s trousers met the criterion of garment fit, and opens the possibility of cooperation with industry in terms of improving the making of cuts for the surveyed sport population.
The paper presents the research on possibilities of protocol development for automatic computer-based determination of measurements on a 3D body model in defined dynamic positions. Initially, two ...dynamic body positions were defined for the research on dimensional changes of targeted body lengths and surface segments during body movement from basic static position into a selected dynamic body position. The assumption was that during body movement, specifi c length and surface dimensions would change significantly from the aspect of clothing construction and functionality of a garment model. 3D body scanning of a female test sample was performed in basic static and two defined dynamic positions. 3D body models were processed and measurement points were defined as a starting point for the determination of characteristic body measurements. The protocol for automatic computer measurement was defined for every dynamic body position by the systematic set of activities based on determined measurement points. The verification of developed protocols was performed by automatic determination of defined measurements on the test sample and by comparing the results with the conventional manual measurement.
Three-dimensional (3D) scanning and computer-aided design (CAD) technology has been used in engineering and ergonomics practice for several years, due to their admissibility in producing accurate 3D ...object representation, scan data restoration and modification. Lately, application was extended for reconstructing and modelling 3D scan data of the human body, since this enables tracing the geometry information and precise measurement analysis. In this study, this technology was applied to analyse scanned models of a dressed human body. The changes in microclimatic air distribution and clothing area due to changing upper limb positions, simulating functional reaching movements for aircrew personnel, were calculated using 3D scanning and CAD technology. The results prove the posture representing the overall lateral limit of reach to be the best for the volume and area identification by means of 3D scanning. The study will further serve as a basis to modify clothing prototypes for improved thermal protection.
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