This study investigates the effectiveness of microwave treatment (MW) on the antifungal properties of Norway spruce wood and the leaching of preservatives. Given the environmental and health concerns ...about conventional wood preservatives, this study evaluates microwave treatment as a sustainable pretreatment to limit the leaching of preservatives from wood. In the experiment, wood samples were treated with microwaves at five different energy levels before being impregnated with copper–ethanolamine- and boron-based preservatives. We assessed preservative retention by leaching tests and assessed the resistance of the wood to fungal attack. The results show that MW treatment improves the uptake and fixation of preservatives, reduces leachability, and significantly improves the durability of an otherwise perishable wood against fungal attack. This study emphasises the potential of microwave treatment for wood preservation. It offers an environmentally friendly approach to extending the life of wood products while maintaining their protective properties against decay.
Surface free energies of pine and beech wood were investigated before and after heat treatment using the Lifshitz–van der Waals/acid–base approach from contact angles measured by the Wilhelmy method. ...The results obtained showed that the decrease of the electron-donating component of the acid–base component was the major parameter affecting the wetting of the modified wood's surface. The Lifshitz–van der Waals component was slightly modified after heat treatment indicating that the atomic and molecular interactions due to permanent or induced dipoles between wood macromolecules were weakly modified. Modification of the surface chemical composition was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and titration of acidity. XPS indicated an important decrease of the O/C ratio after heat treatment explaining the decrease of the electron-donating component (
γ
−) of the surface free energy. The decarboxylation and degradation of glucuronic acids present in hemicelluloses, demonstrated by titration of carboxylic acid functions of wood, had only limited effect on the electron-accepting component (
γ
+).
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Parquet flooring is one of the most common types of flooring, the surface of which can be covered with various coatings. To avoid possible damage to the parquet during use, it is necessary to test ...the surfaces before installation according to various non-standard and standard protocols. The present study provides an overview of the interactions between the properties of selected waterborne coatings (solids content, hardness, resistance to cracking, tensile strength) and the properties of oak wood flooring surfaces (dry film thickness, coating adhesion, resistance to scratching, impact, abrasion and cold liquids). The tests conducted showed that the performance of the surface systems was highly dependent on the coating formulations, as they were either one- or two-component systems. Although no major differences in surface resistance to cold liquids were found, there was a correlation between coating thickness, hardness and tensile strength. The harder coatings had higher tensile strengths and lower elongations. The coatings with higher tensile strength and better hardness achieved better adhesion properties. The coatings that exhibited ductile behavior showed the worst scratch resistance. A statistically significant relationship was found between the higher resistance of the flooring systems to impact stress and the improved abrasion resistance. The obtained results provide potential end users of surface coatings with valuable information on the quality that can be expected in wood flooring.
Waxes and wax emulsions are one of the most important solutions for non-biocidal wood protection. Wax treated wood is designed for outdoor use, therefore it is of considerable importance to elucidate ...the influence of weathering on the photodegradation processes. It is presumed, that wax treatment will reduce water uptake and thus reduce or slow down photodegradation processes. In order to test this hypothesis, three types of wax emulsions at two different concentrations were vacuum impregnated into Norway spruce wood specimens: an emulsion of montan wax (LGE), an emulsion of polyethylene (WE1) and an emulsion of oxidized polyethylene (WE6) wax. The samples were exposed to artificial accelerated weathering (AAW) for 500 cycles. Before and after AAW colour, the contact angle of water and moisture content were determined. Chemical and morphological changes at exposed surfaces were also investigated with FTIR spectroscopy and SEM. In parallel, the uptake of wax emulsions and water into the axial surfaces of samples was determined with a tensiometer. The moisture content measurements showed that the best hydrophobic effect was achieved with LGE treated wood, where the lowest colour and FTIR changes were observed as well. These results were supported by tensiometer measurements as well. Presented data clearly showed that high loadings of waxes reduce or at least slow down weathering. Among tested waxes, montan wax was found the most effective.
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We have produced hybrid liquefied-wood-based polyurethane (LW-PU) and LW-PU/nanosilica hybrid coatings for wood substrates. The prepared hybrid polyurethane coatings were hydrophobized by ...self-assembled monolayers of orthotrichlorosilane (OTS) via a sol–gel dipping process. The nanosilica addition into the LW-PU system enhanced the physical properties of coatings like surface hardness and stability toward cold liquids. The OTS hydrophobized coatings were characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The surface became hydrophobic as the contact angle (CA) for the water droplet on a modified hybrid coating was ∼115° and very stable. The FTIR, SEM, and EDS analysis confirmed the formation of OTS monolayers on hybrid coatings.
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Bark as a sawmilling residue can be used for producing value-added chemicals and materials. This study investigated the use of partially liquefied bark (PLB) for producing particleboard with or ...without synthetic adhesives. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) bark was partially liquefied in the presence of ethylene glycol and sulfuric acid. Four types of particleboard panels were prepared with a PLB content of 4.7%, 9.1%, 20%, and 33.3%, respectively. Another five types of particleboard panels were manufactured by using similar amounts of PLB and 10 wt.% of melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives. Characterization of bark and solid residues of PLB was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and automated vapor sorption (AVS). Mechanical and physical properties of the particleboard were tested according to the European standards EN 310 for determining modulus of elasticity and bending strength, EN 317 for determining thickness swelling after immersion in water, and EN 319 for determining internal bond strength. The results showed that the increase in PLB content improved the mechanical strength for the non-MUF boards, and the MUF-bonded boards with up to 20% of PLB met the requirements for interior uses in dry conditions according to EN 312. The non-MUF boards containing 33.3% of PLB and the MUF-bonded boards showed comparable thickness swelling and water absorption levels compared to the reference board.
Staining of wood with various substances and processes is an important part of surface finishing of wood. Colour differences as a result of staining and of exposure of coloured wood during its ...utilisation are usually evaluated by instrumental measurements. However, the measurement results can show something else compared to what our naked eye can see. Due to inhomogeneity of wood, this discrepancy can be even greater in the case of finished surfaces. The aim of our research was to evaluate distinctions between visual perception and numerically determined colour differences on differently finished wooden surfaces, to get information at which starting point the colour difference becomes visible, and to establish whether it is related to the nature of the surface. We established that the visual assessment is influenced by many factors and that there is a correlation between visual and instrumental assessments. The colour difference ΔE* of 0.5 should be considered as a value when it starts to become visible, and at the value of 2.0, observers already considered the colour difference as a different colour. It was stated that we have some tolerance in perceiving the colour change. This tolerance is more expressed in the case of transparent coating systems.
Premazivanje drva različitim sredstvima i primjenom različitih postupaka važan su dio površinske obrade drva. Promjene boje kao rezultat premazivanja i izlaganja obojenog drva tijekom njegove uporabe obično se mjere uređajima. Međutim, izmjereni rezultati pokazuju nešto sasvim drugo od onoga što se vidi ljudskim okom. Kad je riječ o površinskoj obradi drva, razlike između izmjerenih rezultata i onoga što se vidi ljudskim okom mogu se povećati zbog nehomogenosti drva. Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti razlike između vizualne procjene i izmjerene promjene boje na površinski obrađenom drvu primjenom različitih tehnika kako bi se utvrdila vrijednost pri kojoj je promjena boje vidljiva te kako bi se utvrdilo ovisi li ona o vrsti površine. Ustanovili smo da na vizualnu procjenu promjene boje utječe velik broj čimbenika i da postoji veza između vizualne procjene i izmjerenih vrijednosti promjene boje. Promjena boje ΔE* od 0,5 vrijednost je pri kojoj promjena boje postaje vidljiva, a promjenu boje od 2 promatrači vide kao različitu boju. Uočeno je da postoji određena tolerancija u percepciji promjene boje, koja je veća pri procjeni promjene boje prozirnih sustava premaza.
CAD support and new developments in DD4hep Frank, Markus; Gaede, Frank; Petrič, Marko ...
EPJ Web of Conferences,
2021, Volume:
251
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Peer reviewed
Open access
Consistent detector description is an integral part of all modern experiments and also the main motivation behind the creation of DD4hep, which tries to address detector description in a broad sense ...including for, example, geometry and the materials used in the device, additional parameters describing e.g. the detection techniques, constants required for alignment and calibration, description of the readout structures and conditions data. A central component of DD4hep is DDG4 which is a mechanism that converts arbitrary DD4hep detector geometries to Geant4 and provides access to all Geant4 action stages. In addition to that DDG4 also offers a comprehensive plugins suite that includes handling of different IO formats, Monte Carlo truth linking and a large set of segmentation and sensitive detector classes, allowing the simulation of a wide variety of detector technologies. One of the last remaining open issues of detector description was support for drawings from civil engineers for passive detector components. In this proceedings we highlight recent developments in DD4hep/DDG4 that enable support for CAD drawings and generic tessellated shapes and through the help of the library assimp enable the import of a wide variety of CAD formats, thus eliminating the need for writing complex re-implementations of CAD drawings in source code. In addition, we present other developments such as support for a new output format called EDM4hep and developments for a more unified and easier handling of units.
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•Rutile (TiO2) particles was deposited on wood from aqueous TiCl4/HCl solutions.•Deposition of rutile particles was controlled by changing processing conditions.•Ti-O⋯ wood ...interactions were studied from subtraction IR and Raman spectra.•Ti-O⋯ hemicellulose and Ti-O⋯ lignin interphase interactions were identified.•Hydrothermal treatment impregnated wood and made wood superhydrophobics.
A low temperature approach was developed for the deposition of rutile TiO2 particles on a wood surface by hydrolysis of TiCl4 in aqueous solutions acidified with HCl, and crystallization at 75 and 90°C (1h). Prior to hydrothermal treatment, Picea Abies wood was first soaked in a 0.5mmol/l aqueous solution containing anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS, Sigma Aldrich) for 2h at 80°C. The crystal structure of the hydrothermally made rutile particles was determined with XRD, while the morphology of the deposited TiO2 particles and their distribution in the wood were examined with SEM and EDX measurements. The penetration and amount of deposited rutile particles could be modified by changing the deposition conditions. Thicker layers were obtained from more concentrated aqueous TiCl4 solutions with and without added HCl, and with longer deposition times and higher temperatures of the hydrothermal treatment.
The interaction of TiO2 particles with hemicellulose and lignin in wood was established from infrared attenuated total reflection (FT-IR ATR) and Raman spectra measurements, from which the spectra of wood were subtracted. Analysis of the subtraction spectra showed the presence of titania particles on the wood surface, revealing also the establishment of TiO2-wood coordinative bonds of titanium ions with hemicellulose and lignin. The red frequency shift of the OH stretching modes suggested interaction of the TiO2 particles with water molecules of wood. TiO2 deposited on wood treated with SDS became hydrophobic (water contact angles (WCA) of 150°), contrasting the properties of untreated wood with a deposited TiO2 particle coating, which remained hydrophilic.
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Epoxy resins are mostly produced from petroleum-based bisphenol A and epicholorhydrin. Bisphenol A is synthesized from non-renewable petroleum-based phenol and acetone. Biomass derived epoxy-based ...polymers (EBPs) are becoming the most promising alternative for petroleum-based counterparts, but still these biomass-based EBPs have inferior properties. In the present work, two types of epoxy resins were prepared with different weight percentages of resin (bisphenol A) and hardener. They were then modified with different weight percentages of liquefied wood from spruce sawdust. The derived EBPs were analysed in terms of tensile strength and tensile modulus, fractured surface morphology, thermal stability, long-term water adsorption and resistance to brown-rot fungus decay. The results revealed that the percentages of hardener and liquefied wood significantly influenced the overall properties of the EBPs.
•Epoxy resin was prepared with two different weight percentages of resin and crosslinking agent.•Liquefied wood-based polyol was add into epoxy resins in two different weight percentages.•The thermo-mechanical properties of new epoxy resin system was analysed using TG/DTA, DMA, SEM and tensile tester.•Biodegradation of epoxy resin was carried using Trametes versicolor.
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