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•P removal from simulated wastewater using lab-scale HSSF-CWs was examined.•Paspalum atratum was utilized as the emergent wetland plant for very first time.•WHC-based HSSF-CW planted ...with Paspalum atratum removed up to 89.9% of inflow P.•WHC sorption was the dominant P removal pathway in HSSF-CWs.•Utilizing WHC as a reactive filter media apparently extended lifespans of HSSF-CWs.
This work examined the phosphorus (P) removal from the synthetic pretreated swine wastewater using lab-scale horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs). White hard clam (Meretrix lyrata) shells (WHC) and Paspalum atratum were utilized as substrate and plant, respectively. The focus was placed on treatment performance, removal mechanisms and lifespan of the HSSF-CWs. Results indicated that WHC-based HSSF-CW with P. atratum exhibited a high P removal (89.9%). The mean P efluent concentration and P removal rate were 1.34 ± 0.95 mg/L and 0.32 ± 0.03 g/m2/d, respectively. The mass balance study showed that media sorption was the dominant P removal pathway (77.5%), followed by microbial assimilation (14.5%), plant uptake (5.4%), and other processes (2.6%). It was estimated the WHC-based bed could work effectively for approximately 2.84 years. This WHC-based HSSF-CWs technology will therefore pave the way for recycling Ca-rich waste materials as media in HSSF-CWs to enhance P-rich wastewater purification.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Hypomagnesemia has been implicated in adversely affecting diabetic complications. This is a retrospective study designed to determine whether there is any association between serum magnesium ...concentration Mg2+ and the rate of renal function deterioration, as determined by the slope of serum creatinine reciprocals versus time (1/SCr-vs-t), in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2).
DM2 patients without known kidney disease seen at Olive View-UCLA Medical Center for any reason during January-March 2001 were included. For each patient, all available data from our electronic database for Mg2+, hemoglobin A(1C) (HbA(1C), serum creatinine (SCr), lipid profiles, routine urinary analysis, as well as history of hypertension and pharmacy profiles were retrieved. The average of all parameters obtained and linear regression analyses for the slope of 1/SCr-vs-t plot were performed for each patient. Patients were stratified by gender and divided into four groups based on increasing Mg2+. Correlations between each parameter including the slope of 1/SCr-vs-t and the four magnesium groups were analyzed.
252 males and 298 females with a mean follow-up of 62.6 +/- 22.5 months were included. Patients belonging to lower Mg2+ groups for both genders had significantly worse slopes of 1/SCr-vs-t plot independent of the presence of hypertension and use of ACEI/ARB, diuretics, HMG-CoA enzyme inhibitors or aspirin. In a multivariate regression analysis controlling for age, HbA(1C) and various components of the lipid profile, Mg2+ remained an independent predictor for the slope of 1/SCr-vs-t. A trend for worse proteinuria based on routine urinary analysis was observed among patients belonging to the lowest Mg2+ group.
Lower Mg2+ is associated with a faster renal function deterioration rate in DM2 patients.
To investigate factors associated with survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Viet Nam.
We did a multicentre prospective observational study of people (> 18 years) presenting with ...out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (not caused by trauma) to three tertiary hospitals in Viet Nam from February 2014 to December 2018. We collected data on characteristics, management and outcomes of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and compared these data by type of transportation to hospital and survival to hospital admission. We assessed factors associated with survival to admission to and discharge from hospital using logistic regression analysis.
Of 590 eligible people with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, 440 (74.6%) were male and the mean age was 56.1 years (standard deviation: 17.2). Only 24.2% (143/590) of these people survived to hospital admission and 14.1% (83/590) survived to hospital discharge. Most cardiac arrests (67.8%; 400/590) occurred at home, 79.4% (444/559) were witnessed by bystanders and 22.3% (124/555) were given cardiopulmonary resuscitation by a bystander. Only 8.6% (51/590) of the people were taken to hospital by the emergency medical services and 32.2% (49/152) received pre-hospital defibrillation. Pre-hospital defibrillation (odds ratio, OR: 3.90; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.54-9.90) and return of spontaneous circulation in the emergency department (OR: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.03-8.12) were associated with survival to hospital admission. Hypothermia therapy during post-resuscitation care was associated with survival to discharge (OR: 5.44; 95% CI: 2.33-12.74).
Improvements are needed in the emergency medical services in Viet Nam such as increasing bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and public access defibrillation, and improving ambulance and post-resuscitation care.
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CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
H2O2 is able to oxidize and reduce Cu allowing Cu to catalytically degrade H2O2. At circumneutral pH, the oxidant Cu(III) is formed during the Cu(I)–H2O2 reaction. A kinetic model has been developed ...which reliably describes these interactions. Display omitted
► Reaction of nanomolar Cu(II) with H2O2 results in Cu-catalyzed production of the strong oxidant, Cu(III). ► Hydroxyl radical production as a result of the reaction of Cu(I) and H2O2 is insignificant under the conditions used. ► A kinetic model has been developed which satisfactorily describes all aspects of the “Fenton-like” process. ► Low Cu concentrations catalyze ongoing oxidant production in the presence of exogenous superoxide or H2O2.
Copper toxicity has been attributed to its potential as a catalyst for oxidative damage to tissues through redox cycling between Cu(I) and Cu(II), particularly in the presence of H2O2, a by-product of oxygen metabolism. In this study, the reactions of nanomolar concentrations of Cu(I) and Cu(II) with H2O2 have been investigated in 2.0mM NaHCO3 and 0.7M NaCl at pH 8.0. Measurements of both the formation of the hydroxylated phthalhydrazide chemiluminescent product and the degradation of formate in the absence and presence of compounds with well-known reactivity with HO indicated that the reaction between Cu(I) and H2O2 did not result in the production of HO but involved the formation of a higher oxidation state of copper, Cu(III). The Cu(III) so-formed reacts with the substrates that were present at much slower rates compared to those of HO. The rate of formation of HO from the dissociation of Cu(III) was extremely slow at pH 8.0 with the result that HO is not an important oxidant in this system. The rapid rate of reaction of Cu(III) with Cu(I) contributes significantly to the redox cycle of copper and the associated oxidizing capacity of the Cu(I)/Cu(II)/H2O2/O2 system with exogenous input of H2O2 and O2- exhibiting the ability to mediate ongoing copper-catalyzed production of the powerful oxidant, Cu(III).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
5.
Quinolone antibiotics Pham, Thu D. M; Ziora, Zyta M; Blaskovich, Mark A. T
MedChemComm,
10/2019, Volume:
1, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The quinolone antibiotics arose in the early 1960s, with the first examples possessing a narrow-spectrum of activity with unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties. Over time, the development of new ...quinolone antibiotics has led to improved analogues with an expanded spectrum and high efficacy. Nowadays, quinolones are widely used for treating a variety of infections. Quinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including mycobacteria, and anaerobes. They exert their actions by inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis through disrupting the enzymes topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase, and by causing breakage of bacterial chromosomes. However, bacteria have acquired resistance to quinolones, similar to other antibacterial agents, due to the overuse of these drugs. Mechanisms contributing to quinolone resistance are mediated by chromosomal mutations and/or plasmid gene uptake that alter the topoisomerase targets, modify the quinolone, and/or reduce drug accumulation by either decreased uptake or increased efflux. This review discusses the development of this class of antibiotics in terms of potency, pharmacokinetics and toxicity, along with the resistance mechanisms which reduce the quinolones' activity against pathogens. Potential strategies for future generations of quinolone antibiotics with enhanced activity against resistant strains are suggested.
The quinolone antibiotics arose in the early 1960s, with the first examples possessing a narrow-spectrum activity with unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties.
Pain has been reported to be a common problem in the general population and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Although similar data for pre-ESRD patients are lacking, we recently reported that ...the prevalence of pain is also very high (>70%) among pre-ESRD patients at a Los Angeles County tertiary referral centre. The high prevalence of pain in the CKD population is particularly concerning because pain has been shown to be associated with poor quality of life. Of greater concern, poor quality of life, at least in dialysis patients, has been shown to be associated with poor survival. We herein discuss the pathophysiology of common pain conditions, review a commonly accepted approach to the management of pain in the general population, and discuss analgesic-induced renal complications and therapeutic issues specific for patients with reduced renal function.
The prevalence of pain in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) is not known. In the current study, we aim to determine the prevalence of pain in CKD patients and its associations with various ...medical and psychosocial factors.
Consecutive CKD patients who were presented to the renal clinic at Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, a Los Angeles County tertiary referral center, over a 3-month period were interviewed on their medical and psychosocial histories and a history of pain including duration, severity and source. Chi2-testing for independence and binary logistic regression performed for the presence of pain and CKD stages as well as other medical and psychosocial factors were determined. A separate survey for pain was also done for 100 consecutive non-CKD patients who were presented to our ambulatory medicine clinic for routine care.
54.6% of 130 patients with known CKD interviewed were women. Any type of pain of at least a 2 week duration was reported in 72.9%. The most common source of pain was musculoskeletal. The presence of pain of less than a 2 week duration was associated with worse CKD stages (3 - 5 versus 1 - 2) and non-exercisers. Higher body mass index was associated with having pain lasting longer than a 2 week duration. Among patients who had pain, 33.8% used acetaminophen, 15.4% nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 7.8% combination analgesics. In contrast to CKD patients, only 9% of non-CKD patients reported to have any type or duration of pain.
Pain was much more prevalent among our CKD compared with non-CKD patients.
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