Plant pathogens cause severe losses or damage to crops worldwide and thereby significantly reduce the quality and quantity of agricultural commodities. World tendencies are shifting towards reducing ...the usage of chemically synthesized pesticides, while various biocontrol methods, strategies and approaches are being used in plant disease management. Fungal antagonists play a significant role in controlling plant pathogens and diseases and they are used as Biocontrol Agents (BCAs) throughout the world. This review provides a comprehensive list of fungal BCAs used against fungal plant pathogens according to modern taxonomic concepts, and clarifies their phylogenetic relationships because thewrong names are frequently used in the literature of biocontrol. Details of approximately 300 fungal antagonists belonging to 13 classes and 113 genera are listed together with the target pathogens and corresponding plant diseases.
is identified as the genus with greatest potential comprising 25 biocontrol agents that have been used against a number of plant fungal diseases. In addition to
, nine genera are recognized as significant comprising five or more known antagonistic species, namely,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, and
. A phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the 28S nrRNA gene (LSU) of fungal antagonists was performed to establish their phylogenetic relationships.
Summary Background With 4 years until 2015, it is essential to monitor progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5. Although estimates of maternal and child mortality were published ...in 2010, an update of estimates is timely in view of additional data sources that have become available and new methods developed. Our aim was to update previous estimates of maternal and child mortality using better data and more robust methods to provide the best available evidence for tracking progress on MDGs 4 and 5. Methods We update the analyses of the progress towards MDGs 4 and 5 from 2010 with additional surveys, censuses, vital registration, and verbal autopsy data. For children, we estimate early neonatal (0–6 days), late neonatal (7–28 days), postneonatal (29–364 days), childhood (ages 1–4 years), and under-5 mortality. We use an improved model for estimating mortality by age under 5 years. For maternal mortality, our updated analysis includes greater than 1000 additional site-years of data. We tested a large set of alternative models for maternal mortality; we used an ensemble model based on the models with the best out-of-sample predictive validity to generate new estimates from 1990 to 2011. Findings Under-5 deaths have continued to decline, reaching 7·2 million in 2011 of which 2·2 million were early neonatal, 0·7 million late neonatal, 2·1 million postneonatal, and 2·2 million during childhood (ages 1–4 years). Comparing rates of decline from 1990 to 2000 with 2000 to 2011 shows that 106 countries have accelerated declines in the child mortality rate in the past decade. Maternal mortality has also continued to decline from 409 100 (uncertainty interval 382 900–437 900) in 1990 to 273 500 (256 300–291 700) deaths in 2011. We estimate that 56 100 maternal deaths in 2011 were HIV-related deaths during pregnancy. Based on recent trends in developing countries, 31 countries will achieve MDG 4, 13 countries MDG 5, and nine countries will achieve both. Interpretation Even though progress on reducing maternal and child mortality in most countries is accelerating, most developing countries will take many years past 2015 to achieve the targets of the MDGs 4 and 5. Similarly, although there continues to be progress on maternal mortality the pace is slow, without any overall evidence of acceleration. Immediate concerted action is needed for a large number of countries to achieve MDG 4 and MDG 5. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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The current classification system for the recognition of taxonomic ranks among fungi, especially at high-ranking level, is subjective. With the development of molecular approaches and the ...availability of fossil calibration data, the use of divergence times as a universally standardized criterion for ranking taxa has now become possible. We can therefore date the origin of Ascomycota lineages by using molecular clock methods and establish the divergence times for the orders and families of Dothideomycetes. We chose Dothideomycetes, the largest class of the phylum Ascomycota, which contains 32 orders, to establish ages at which points orders have split; and
Pleosporales
, the largest order of Dothideomycetes with 55 families, to establish family divergence times. We have assembled a multi-gene data set (LSU, SSU, TEF1 and RPB2) from 391 taxa representing most family groups of Dothideomycetes and utilized fossil calibration points solely from within the ascomycetes and a Bayesian approach to establish divergence times of Dothideomycetes lineages. Two separated datasets were analysed: (i) 272 taxa representing 32 orders of Dothideomycetes were included for the order level analysis, and (ii) 191 taxa representing 55 families of
Pleosporales
were included for the family level analysis. Our results indicate that divergence times (crown age) for most orders (20 out of 32, or 63%) are between 100 and 220 Mya, while divergence times for most families (39 out of 55, or 71%) are between 20 and 100 Mya. We believe that divergence times can provide additional evidence to support establishment of higher level taxa, such as families, orders and classes. Taking advantage of this added approach, we can strive towards establishing a standardized taxonomic system both within and outside Fungi. In this study we found that molecular dating coupled with phylogenetic inferences provides no support for the taxonomic status of two currently recognized orders, namely
Bezerromycetales
and
Wiesneriomycetales
and these are treated as synonyms of
Tubeufiales
while
Asterotexiales
is treated as a synonym of
Asterinales
. In addition, we provide an updated phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes previously published as the
Families of Dothideomycetes
in 2013 with a further ten orders and 35 families.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e. conidiomata. Coelomycetes comprise about, 1000 genera and 7000 species, which can be endophytic, ...pathogenic or saprobic. Traditional classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology, such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of conidiogenesis, while it was treated as a distinct group i.e. Deuteromycotina. Sequence based taxonomic studies has been used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification system, resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and species complexes, as well as establish asexual-sexual links. Nevertheless, most of genera lack sequence data, thus, morphology based identification is still important when introducing new genera or species. In this paper we illustrate, describe, and provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous genera, including five new genera viz. Apiculospora, Didymellocamarosporium, Melanocamarosporium, Melnikia and Paulkirkia. Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. One-hundred and fifty-two (65 %) of genera have sequence data, thus, their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system, is listed as an outline. However, 83 genera still lack sequence data, hence, they are treated as Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis. In addition, separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
species are associated with
as endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes worldwide. However, little is known about
as endophytes in
in China. In this study, 24 endophytic
isolates were obtained from ...cultivated
cv. "Tomentosa" in Huazhou, Guangdong Province in 2019. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-α (
), β-tubulin (
), and partial calmodulin (
) gene regions were sequenced and employed to construct phylogenetic trees. Based on morphology and combined multigene phylogeny, eleven
species were identified including two new species,
and
. These are the first report of
,
,
,
,
,
,
, and
on
. This study provides the first intensive study of endophytic
species on
cv. tomentosa in China. These results will improve the current knowledge of
species associated with
. The results obtained in this study will also help to understand the potential pathogens and biocontrol agents and to develop a platform in disease management.
Taxonomic names are key links between various databases that store information on different organisms. Several global fungal nomenclural and taxonomic databases (notably Index Fungorum, Species ...Fungorum and MycoBank) can be sourced to find taxonomic details about fungi, while DNA sequence data can be sourced from NCBI, EBI and UNITE databases. Although the sequence data may be linked to a name, the quality of the metadata is variable and generally there is no corresponding link to images, descriptions or herbarium material. There is generally no way to establish the accuracy of the names in these genomic databases, other than whether the submission is from a reputable source. To tackle this problem, a new database (FacesofFungi), accessible at www.facesoffungi.org (FoF) has been established. This fungal database allows deposition of taxonomic data, phenotypic details and other useful data, which will enhance our current taxonomic understanding and ultimately enable mycologists to gain better and updated insights into the current fungal classification system. In addition, the database will also allow access to comprehensive metadata including descriptions of voucher and type specimens. This database is user-friendly, providing links and easy access between taxonomic ranks, with the classification system based primarily on molecular data (from the literature and via updated web-based phylogenetic trees), and to a lesser extent on morphological data when molecular data are unavailable. In FoF species are not only linked to the closest phylogenetic representatives, but also relevant data is provided, wherever available, on various applied aspects, such as ecological, industrial, quarantine and chemical uses. The data include the three main fungal groups (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Basal fungi) and fungus-like organisms. The FoF webpage is an output funded by the Mushroom Research Foundation which is an NGO with seven directors with mycological expertise. The webpage has 76 curators, and with the help of these specialists, FoF will provide an updated natural classification of the fungi, with illustrated accounts of species linked to molecular data. The present paper introduces the FoF database to the scientific community and briefly reviews some of the problems associated with classification and identification of the main fungal groups. The structure and use of the database is then explained. We would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to these web pages.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The genus Neofusicoccum includes species with wide geographical and plant host distribution, some of them of economic importance. The genus currently comprises 27 species that are difficult to ...identify based on morphological features alone. Thus, species differentiation is based on phylogenetic species recognition using multigene genealogies. In this study, we characterised the mating type genes of Neofusicoccum species. Specific primers were designed to amplify and sequence MAT genes in several species and a PCR-based mating type diagnostic assay was developed. Homothallism was the predominant mating strategy among the species tested. Furthermore, the potential of mating type gene sequences for species delimitation was evaluated. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on both MAT genes and compared with multigene genealogies using sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor 1-alpha and beta-tubulin. Phylogenies based on mating type genes could discriminate between the species analysed and are in concordance with the results obtained with the more conventional multilocus phylogenetic analysis approach. Thus, MAT genes represent a powerful tool to delimit cryptic species in the genus Neofusicoccum.
•Discovery of MAT loci organisation in Neofusicoccum species.•Neofusicoccum includes homothallic and heterothallic species.•Homothallism appears to be the predominant mating strategy.•Development of a PCR-based assay for mating type determination.•MAT genes discriminate between species in Neofusicoccum.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Over the past three decades, a wealth of studies has shown that palm trees (Arecaceae) are a diverse habitat with intense fungal colonisation, making them an important substratum to explore fungal ...diversity. Palm trees are perennial, monocotyledonous plants mainly restricted to the tropics that include economically important crops and highly valued ornamental plants worldwide. The extensive research conducted in Southeast Asia and Australasia indicates that palm fungi are undoubtedly a taxonomically diverse assemblage from which a remarkable number of new species is continuously being reported. Despite this wealth of data, no recent comprehensive review on palm fungi exists to date. In this regard, we present here a historical account and discussion of the research on the palm fungi to reflect on their importance as a diverse and understudied assemblage. The taxonomic structure of palm fungi is also outlined, along with comments on the need for further studies to place them within modern DNA sequence-based classifications. Palm trees can be considered model plants for studying fungal biodiversity and, therefore, the key role of palm fungi in biodiversity surveys is discussed. The close association and intrinsic relationship between palm hosts and palm fungi, coupled with a high fungal diversity, suggest that the diversity of palm fungi is still far from being fully understood. The figures suggested in the literature for the diversity of palm fungi have been revisited and updated here. As a result, it is estimated that there are about 76,000 species of palm fungi worldwide, of which more than 2500 are currently known. This review emphasises that research on palm fungi may provide answers to a number of current fungal biodiversity challenges.
Families of Sordariomycetes Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth ...
Fungal diversity,
07/2016, Volume:
79, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class ...includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, coprophilous and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. They occur in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats worldwide. This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci, with a maximum five representative taxa from each family, where available. This paper brings together for the first time, since Barrs’
1990
Prodromus, descriptions, notes on the history, and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family, a list of accepted genera, including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes. Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 32 orders, 105 families and 1331 genera. The family
Obryzaceae
and
Pleurotremataceae
are excluded from the class.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand. The fungi are accommodated in 31 families. New taxa described include a new family, seven ...new genera, 65 new species, 16 previously known species. A new family: Malaysiascaceae (Glomerellales). New genera are
Acremoniisimulans
(Plectosphaerellaceae),
Pandanaceomyces
,
Pseudoachroiostachy
(Nectriaceae
)
,
Pseudohyaloseta
(Niessliaceae),
Pseudoornatispora
(Stachybotriaceae) and
Yunnanomyces
(Sympoventuriaceae). New species are
Acremoniisimulans thailandensis
,
Beltrania krabiensis
,
Beltraniella pandanicola
,
B
.
thailandicus
,
Canalisporium krabiense
,
C
.
thailandensis
,
Clonostachys krabiensis
,
Curvularia chonburiensis
,
C
.
pandanicola
,
C
.
thailandicum
,
C
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis
,
Dictyochaeta pandanicola
,
Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis
,
D
.
pandanicola
,
D
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Dictyosporium appendiculatum
,
Di
.
guttulatum
,
Di
.
hongkongensis
,
Di
.
krabiense
,
Di
.
pandanicola
,
Distoseptispora thailandica
,
D
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Helicoma freycinetiae
,
Hermatomyces biconisporus
,
Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis
,
L
.
pandanicola
,
Lasionectria krabiense
,
Menisporopsis pandanicola
,
Montagnula krabiensis
,
Musicillium pandanicola
,
Neofusicoccum pandanicola
,
Neohelicomyces pandanicola
,
Neooccultibambusa thailandensis
,
Neopestalotiopsis chiangmaiensis
,
N
.
pandanicola
,
N
.
phangngaensis
,
Pandanaceomyces krabiensis
,
Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis
,
P
.
pandanicola
,
P
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Parasarcopodium hongkongensis
,
Pestalotiopsis krabiensis
,
P
.
pandanicola
,
Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis
,
P
.
pandanicola
,
P
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense
,
Pseudoberkleasmium pandanicola
,
Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola
,
Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola
,
Pseudoornatispora krabiense
,
Pseudopithomyces pandanicola
,
Rostriconidium pandanicola
,
Sirastachys phangngaensis
,
Stictis pandanicola
,
Terriera pandanicola
,
Thozetella pandanicola
,
Tubeufia freycinetiae
,
T
.
parvispora
,
T
.
pandanicola
,
Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis
,
Volutella krabiense
,
V
.
thailandensis
and
Yunnanomyces pandanicola
. Previous studies of micro-fungi on Pandanaceae have not included phylogenetic support. Inspiration for this study came from the book
Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae
by Whitton, McKenzie and Hyde in 2012. Both studies reveal that the micro-fungi on Pandanaceae is particularly rich in hyphomycetes. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
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