Choosing the right international market entry mode is of utmost importance for an internationalizing firm. However, there is a lack of analysis concerning the decision-making process (DMP), ...specifically with regard to small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs). The authors study the DMP among SMEs intent on entering international markets and how it affects each firm's international market development strategy. Using six cases based in Finland and Italy, the authors develop a model of the SME DMP. Their results imply that the DMP evolves and goes through various phases. By focusing on the postentry phase, this study enhances knowledge on decision-making frameworks by linking the traditional international marketing literature related to initial entry mode with "mainstream" international business literature. Furthermore, the study reveals that SMEs adopting a more rational DMP are more likely to succeed in foreign markets, and consequently, it demonstrates the importance of real options reasoning as a theoretical lens for making entry mode decisions in the context of SMEs.
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BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) are a heterogeneous group of structurally abnormal chromosomes, with an incidence of 0,044% in newborns that increases up to almost 7 times in ...developmentally retarded patients. sSMC from all 24 chromosome have been described, most of them originate from the group of the acrocentric, with around half deriving from the chromosome 15. Non-acrocentric sSMC are less common and, in the 30 percent of the cases, are associated with phenotypic effect. Complex sSMC consist of chromosomal material derived from more than one chromosome. Genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with sSMC are difficult to assess. Clinical features depend on factors such as its size, genetic content, the involvement of imprinted genes which may be influenced by uniparental disomy and the level of mosaicism. Trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 18 (18p) is an infrequent finding and does not appear to be associated with a specific syndrome. However, mild intellectual disability with or without other anomalies is reported in almost one-third of the patients.
Here we present clinical and molecular characterization of a new case of de novo complex sSMC consisting of the entire short arm of chromosome 18p associated with a centromere of either chromosome 13 or 21, evidenced in a 5-year-old boy during diagnostic workup for moderate intellectual disability and dysmorphisms. To date, only seven cases of isolated trisomy 18p due to a sSMC have been reported, three of which have been characterized by array CGH. In two of them the breakpoints and the size of the duplication have been described. In the manuscript we also reviewed cases reported in the DECIPHER database carrying similar duplication and also considered smaller duplications within the region of interest, in order to evaluate the presence of critical regions implicated in the pathological phenotype.
Our case provides additional information about phenotypic effects of pure trisomy 18p, confirms chromosomal microarray analysis as gold standard to characterize complex sSMC, and supplies additional elements for genetic counselling.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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