Najzastupljenija vina u republici Hrvatskoj su vina sorte graševine. Od ukupne proizvodnje vina udio graševine iznosi čak 40,6 %. U uvjetima vinogradarske regije Slavonija i Hrvatsko Podunavlje od ...ove se sorte proizvode svi stilovi vina, od „mladog vina“, pjenušavog, dugo maceriranog, njegovanog na talogu kvasaca u hrastovim bačvama; od svih predikata do vrhunskih arhivskih primjeraka. Uz takvu raznolikost stilova vrlo je značajno definirati svako pojedino vino i na prikladan ga način predstaviti. Kako je iz više primjera vidljivo da često nedostaje vinskog vokabulara cilj rada je prikazati trenutne deskriptore pojedinih vina graševine Slavonije i Hrvatskog Podunavlja. S mrežnih stranica proizvođača vina prikupljeni su deskriptori boje, mirisa i okusa za 58 graševina koje su trenutno na tržištu. Kod vina redovne berbe najčešći deskriptori mirisa graševine vezani su uz zelenu jabuku, jabuku, citruse, cvjetno i voćno. Okus se najčešće opisuje kao svjež, lagan, ugodnih kiselina uz često isticanje blage gorčine koja se niti jednom ne spominje kod odležanih i maceriranih. Zrelija i kompleksnija vina zbog svoje složenosti često su opisana s više različitih deskriptora, a pojedini su vezani samo uz jedno vino.
The most represented wines in the Croatia are Graševina wines. Of the total wine production, Graševina occupies 40.6 %. In the conditions of the wine-growing regions of Slavonia and Croatian Danube, all styles of wine are produced from this variety, from "young wine", sparkling, long-macerated, aged on yeast lees in oak barrels, from all predicates to top archival examples. With such a variety of styles, it is very important to define each individual wine and present it in an appropriate way. As it is evident from several examples that there is often a lack of wine vocabulary, the aim of the paper is to present the current descriptors of individual Graševina wines from Slavonia and Croatian Danube. Color, fragrance and taste descriptors for 58 Graševins currently on the market were collected from the websites of wine producers. In the case of regular harvest, the most common descriptors of the Graševina fragrance are related to green apple, apple, citrus, floral and fruity. The taste is most often described as fresh, light, with pleasant acids, with frequent emphasis on mild bitterness, which is not even mentioned in aged and macerated wines. Due to their complexity, more mature and complex wines are often described with several different descriptors, and some are linked to only one wine.
The mucolytic human gut microbiota specialist Akkermansia muciniphila is proposed to boost mucin-secretion by the host, thereby being a key player in mucus turnover. Mucin glycan utilization requires ...the removal of protective caps, notably fucose and sialic acid, but the enzymatic details of this process remain largely unknown. Here, we describe the specificities of ten A. muciniphila glycoside hydrolases, which collectively remove all known sialyl and fucosyl mucin caps including those on double-sulfated epitopes. Structural analyses revealed an unprecedented fucosidase modular arrangement and explained the sialyl T-antigen specificity of a sialidase of a previously unknown family. Cell-attached sialidases and fucosidases displayed mucin-binding and their inhibition abolished growth of A. muciniphila on mucin. Remarkably, neither the sialic acid nor fucose contributed to A. muciniphila growth, but instead promoted butyrate production by co-cultured Clostridia. This study brings unprecedented mechanistic insight into the initiation of mucin O-glycan degradation by A. muciniphila and nutrient sharing between mucus-associated bacteria.
High‐throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina platform is commonly used to assess microbial diversity in environmental samples. The MiniSeq, Illumina's latest benchtop sequencer, ...enables more cost‐efficient DNA sequencing relative to larger Illumina sequencing platforms (e.g., MiSeq). Here we used a modified custom primer sequencing approach to test the fidelity of the MiniSeq for high‐throughput sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA genes from complex communities in environmental samples. To this end, we designed additional sequencing primers that enabled application of a dual‐index barcoding method on the MiniSeq. A mock community was sequenced alongside the environmental samples in four different sequencing runs as a quality control benchmark. We were able to recapture a realistic richness of the mock community in all sequencing runs, and identify meaningful differences in alpha and beta diversity in the environmental samples. Furthermore, rarefaction analysis indicated diversity in many environmental samples was close to saturation. These results show that the MiniSeq can produce similar quantities of high‐quality V4 reads compared to the MiSeq, yet is a cost‐effective option for any laboratory interested in performing high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Innovation in next‐generation DNA sequencing technology continues to contribute to the democratization of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which is now often carried out on the Illumina MiSeq and HiSeq platforms. Here, we describe a 16S rRNA gene sequencing protocol for the latest benchtop high‐throughput sequencer, the Illumina MiniSeq, which provides comparable quantity and quality of data, but at significantly reduced cost compared to larger and more expensive sequencers. This opens the opportunity for smaller labs to perform their own 16S sequencing independently.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Fungi living in sediments (‘mycobenthos’) are hypothesized to play a role in the degradation of organic matter deposited at the land‐sea interface, but the environmental factors influencing ...the mycobenthos are poorly understood. We used mock community calibrated Illumina sequencing to show that the mycobenthos community structure in a coastal lagoon was significantly changed after exposure to a lignocellulose extract and subsequent development of benthic anoxia over a relatively short (10 h) incubation. Saprotrophic taxa dominated and were selected for under benthic anoxia, specifically Aquamyces (Chytridiomycota) and Orbilia (Ascomycota), implicating these genera as important benthic saprotrophs. Protein encoding genes involved in energy and biomass production from Fungi and the fungal‐analogue group Labyrinthulomycetes had the highest increase in expression with the added organic matter compared with all other groups, indicating that lignocellulose stimulates metabolic activity in the mycobenthos. Flavobacteria dominated the active bacterial community that grew rapidly with the lignocellulose extract and crashed sharply upon O2 depletion. Our findings indicate that the diversity, activity and trophic potential of the mycobenthos changes rapidly in response to organic matter and decreasing O2 concentrations, which together with heterotrophic Flavobacteria, undergo ‘boom and bust’ dynamics during lignocellulose degradation in estuarine ecosystems.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A strong association between the HLA-B*1502 allele and SJS and TEN induced by carbamazepine has been shown. This study involving Europeans implicates a different HLA allele, HLA-A*3101, in conferring ...susceptibility to a broad range of carbamazepine-induced reactions.
Carbamazepine is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of epilepsy, as well as trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder. A minority of treated persons have hypersensitivity reactions that vary in prevalence and severity,
1
with some forms associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The mildest form, maculopapular exanthema, occurs in 5 to 10% of treated persons of European ancestry and resolves spontaneously after drug discontinuation. More severe reactions, such as the hypersensitivity syndrome, are associated with mortality of up to 10%
2
and include symptoms such as rash, fever, eosinophilia, hepatitis, and nephritis. The most severe reactions, such as . . .
In this study, the influence of meat batter composition and sausage diameter on the development of microbiota and sensory traits of traditional, spontaneously fermented wild boar meat sausages are ...evaluated. This research also demonstrates how principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to relate product sensory properties to particular microbial genotype and to select potential starter or adjunct culture. Generally, similar microbiological results were obtained in all types of products. The undesirable microbiota was either not detected at any sausage production stage or its number decreased below the detection limit in ripened sausages. The low growth rate of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was consistent with the obtained pH and slow acidification rate. Although no differences in the composition of LAB species were noticed between sausage types (50S=50% wild boar meat in small casing, 50L=50% wild boar meat in large casing, 100S=100% wild boar meat in small casing), a clear separation based on LAB genotypes could be observed. Upon quantitative descriptive analysis, significant differences in sensory attributes between sausage types were established. According to the PCA, the overall acceptability traits of sausages are closely linked to one
genotype (LM_4). Of all tested technological properties, LM_4 strains showed remarkable acidification ability, lowering the pH from pH=5.41 to 3.74, and pronounced proteolytic activity on skimmed milk as well as antagonistic activity against
(DSM 20231) and
(LMG 17208). Lipolytic and haemolytic activities were not detected, and all analyzed strains were susceptible to tested antibiotics and possessed no biogenic amine genes.
Colonization of large part of Europe by the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is causing autochthonous transmission of chikungunya and dengue exotic arboviruses. While pyrethroids are recommended ...only to reduce/limit transmission, they are widely implemented to reduce biting nuisance and to control agricultural pests, increasing the risk of insurgence of resistance mechanisms. Worryingly, pyrethroid resistance (with mortality < 70%) was recently reported in Ae. albopictus populations from Italy and Spain and associated with the V1016G point mutation in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene conferring knockdown resistance (kdr). Genotyping pyrethroid resistance-associated kdr mutations in field mosquito samples represents a powerful approach to detect early signs of resistance without the need for carrying out phenotypic bioassays which require availability of live mosquitoes, dedicated facilities and appropriate expertise. Here we report results on the PCR-genotyping of the V1016G mutation in 2530 Ae. albopictus specimens from 69 sampling sites in 19 European countries. The mutation was identified in 12 sites from nine countries (with allele frequencies ranging from 1 to 8%), mostly distributed in two geographical clusters. The western cluster includes Mediterranean coastal sites from Italy, France and Malta as well as single sites from both Spain and Switzerland. The eastern cluster includes sites on both sides of the Black Sea in Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia as well as one site from Romania. These results are consistent with genomic data showing high connectivity and close genetic relationship among West European populations and a major barrier to gene flow between West European and Balkan populations. The results of this first effort to map kdr mutations in Ae. albopictus on a continental scale show a widespread presence of the V1016G allele in Europe, although at lower frequencies than those previously reported from Italy. This represents a wake-up call for mosquito surveillance programs in Europe to include PCR-genotyping of pyrethroid resistance alleles, as well as phenotypic resistance assessments, in their routine activities.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Schizophrenia is characterized by increased behavioral and neurochemical responses to dopamine-releasing drugs. This prompted the hypothesis of psychosis as a state of “endogenous” sensitization of ...the dopamine system although the exact basis of dopaminergic disturbances and the possible role of prefrontal cortical regulation have remained uncertain. To show that patients with first-episode psychosis release more dopamine upon amphetamine-stimulation than healthy volunteers, and to reveal for the first time that prospective sensitization induced by repeated amphetamine exposure increases dopamine-release in stimulant-naïve healthy volunteers to levels observed in patients, we collected data on amphetamine-induced dopamine release using the dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist radioligand 11C-(+)-PHNO and positron emission tomography. Healthy volunteers (n = 28, 14 female) underwent a baseline and then a post-amphetamine scan before and after a mildly sensitizing regimen of repeated oral amphetamine. Unmedicated patients with first-episode psychosis (n = 21; 6 female) underwent a single pair of baseline and then post-amphetamine scans. Furthermore, T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the prefrontal cortex was performed. Patients with first-episode psychosis showed larger release of dopamine compared to healthy volunteers. After sensitization of healthy volunteers their dopamine release was significantly amplified and no longer different from that seen in patients. Healthy volunteers showed a negative correlation between prefrontal cortical volume and dopamine release. There was no such relationship after sensitization or in patients. Our data in patients with untreated first-episode psychosis confirm the “endogenous sensitization” hypothesis and support the notion of impaired prefrontal control of the dopamine system in schizophrenia.
The follow-up of glioma patients after therapeutic intervention remains a challenging topic, as therapy-related changes can emulate true progression in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. ...18F-fluoroethyl-tyrosine (18F-FET) is a radiopharmaceutical that accumulates in glioma cells due to an increased expression of L-amino acid transporters and, contrary to gadolinium, does not depend on blood–brain barrier disruption to reach tumoral cells. It has demonstrated a high diagnostic value in the differentiation of tumoral viability and pseudoprogression or any other therapy-related changes, especially when combining traditional visual analysis with modern radiomics. In this review, we aim to cover the potential role of 18F-FET positron emission tomography in everyday clinical practice when applied to the follow-up of patients after the first therapeutical intervention, early response evaluation, and the differential diagnosis between therapy-related changes and progression.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Neutrophils have been described as a phenotypically heterogeneous cell type that possess both pro- and anti-tumor properties. Recently, a subset of neutrophils isolated from the peripheral blood ...mononuclear cell (PBMC) fraction has been described in cancer patients. These low-density neutrophils (LDNs) show a heterogeneous maturation state and have been associated with pro-tumor properties in comparison to mature, high-density neutrophils (HDNs). However, additional studies are necessary to characterize this cell population. Here we show new surface markers that allow us to discriminate between LDNs and HDNs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and assess their potential as diagnostic/prognostic tool. LDNs were highly enriched in NSCLC patients (median=20.4%, range 0.3-76.1%; n=26) but not in healthy individuals (median=0.3%, range 0.1-3.9%; n=14). Using a high-dimensional human cell surface marker screen, we identified 12 surface markers that were downregulated in LDNs when compared to HDNs, while 41 surface markers were upregulated in the LDN subset. Using flow cytometry, we confirmed overexpression of CD36, CD41, CD61 and CD226 in the LDN fraction. In summary, our data support the notion that LDNs are a unique neutrophil population and provide novel targets to clarify their role in tumor progression and their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tool.
PDF
