The application of municipal sewage sludge as fertilizer in the production of non-food energy crops is an environmentally and economically sustainable approach to sewage sludge management. In ...addition, the application of municipal sewage sludge to energy crops such as Miscanthus x giganteus is an alternative form of recycling nutrients and organic material from waste. Municipal sewage sludge is a potential source of heavy metals in the soil, some of which can be removed by growing energy crops that are also remediation agents. Therefore, the objective of the research was to investigate the effect of municipal sewage sludge applied at three different rates of 1.66, 3.22 and 6.44 t/ha on the production of Miscanthus. Based on the analyses conducted on the biomass of Miscanthus fertilized with sludge from the wastewater treatment plant in three fertilization treatments, it can be concluded that the biomass of Miscanthus is a good feedstock for the process of direct combustion. Moreover, the application of the largest amount of municipal sewage sludge during cultivation had no negative effect on the properties of Miscanthus biomass. Moreover, the cellulose and hemicellulose content of Miscanthus is ideal for the production of second-generation liquid biofuels. Fertilizer treatments had no effect on the content of cellulose and lignin, while a significant statistical difference was found for hemicellulose.
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The lack of plant nutrients is a major problem for agriculture. Because of their essential role in the most important metabolic processes of plants, their deficiency depresses photosynthesis and ...disrupts the efficient operation of the photosynthetic apparatus. In this study, we investigated the gas exchange of common beans bean under the N, P, K, Mg, and Fe deficiency. The experiment was set up as a hydroponic, fully aerated, floating system in 6 hydroponic tubs. Each hydroponic tub contained 10 plants and was filled with a modified Hoagland nutrient solution. One group of plants was grown in a complete nutrient solution (control), while the other treatments lacked one of the following nutrients: N, P, K, Mg and Fe. During the experiment, gas exchange parameters: net photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were measured. At the end of the experiment, the nutrient content of the plant tissue was determined. Nutrient deficiency significantly affected all measured photosynthetic parameters and visual symptoms indicated that a lack of different nutrients affected the photosynthetic machinery at different points. Potassium deficiency lower stomatal conductance and increased mesophyll resistance to CO2 diffusion and/or RubisCO activity. Nitrogen and Mg deficiency affected chlorophyll synthesis and accelerated leaf senescence. Phosphorus deficiency caused less damage to gas exchange parameters probably due to protective mechanisms of reduced leaf area. Seed Fe content was surplus to sustain photosynthetic machinery during the early developmental phase.
Fresh-cut potatoes (FCP), like other fresh-cut (minimally processed) vegetables, are a convenient but highly perishable product. Unlike most fresh-cut vegetables, which are “ready-to-eat”, FCP must ...be cooked before consumption. Therefore, in addition to the safety (chemical and microbiological), quality and sensory characteristics of raw FCP, the same requirements should be applied for cooked potatoes. It is known that many factors play a role in meeting all these requirements: (i) selection of cultivars less susceptible to browning; (ii) use of anti-browning and antimicrobial agents and/or certain physical methods against browning and microbial growth; (iii) packaging and cold storage conditions. In recent studies on FCP, scientists have attempted to deepen their knowledge of the mechanisms of browning prevention to better understand changes at the molecular level as well. The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research, which aimed at deepening knowledge of the various changes that occur in potatoes during processing, and to develop new approaches that could help improve quality and extend FCP shelf life. It also discusses the effects of subsequent cooking of FCP on sensory and other properties, as well as on chemical constituents.
Wastewater treatment plants are facilities where wastewater is treated by technological processes. A byproduct of a wastewater treatment plant is sewage sludge, which can be both a good soil ...conditioner and a source of nutrients for the crops to which it is applied. Energy crops are non-food plants that can cleanse the soil of heavy metals through their ability to phytoremediate. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of different amounts of sewage sludge on soil and plants. In the experiment Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita L.) was used and the influence of stabilized sewage sludge in the amounts of 1.66, 3.32 and 6.64 t/ha dry matter on the energy composition and biomass yield was observed.The obtained results showed a yield of 8.85 t/ha at the maximum amount of sewage sludge used. Hemicellulose content was 20.20% in the application of 6.64 t/ha of sewage sludge and 19.70% in the control, while lignin content was 17.97% in the control and 16.77% in the maximum amount of sewage sludge. The heavy metals molybdenum and nickel did not differ significantly under the influence of larger amounts of sewage sludge, while manganese increased from 23.66 to 35.82 mg/kg.
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the application of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum on “Cabernet Sauvignon” (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf gas exchange, yield parameters, as well as grape ...berry composition, especially regarding phenolic compounds. The experiment was conducted over two years under natural vineyard conditions of the Zagreb wine-growing area, the continental region of Croatia. “Cabernet Sauvignon” grapevines were grafted on SO4 rootstock, both being commonly used in all wine production areas in Croatia. Results obtained demonstrated that symbiotic grapevines, in general, expressed improved leaf gas exchange parameters and higher yield parameters, especially regarding the number of clusters per vine. It should be emphasized that mycorrhizal fungi affected higher total flavan-3-ols, total anthocyanins, and total polyphenols in berry skin in both experimental years. Despite variation in some yield parameters, generally, it is possible to obtain higher yields together with the improved phenolic composition of grapes.
The lack of plant nutrients is a major problem for agriculture. Because of their essential role in the most important metabolic processes of plants, their deficiency depresses photosynthesis and ...disrupts the efficient operation of the photosynthetic apparatus. In this study, we investigated the gas exchange of common beans bean under the N, P, K, Mg, and Fe deficiency. The experiment was set up as a hydroponic, fully aerated, floating system in 6 hydroponic tubs. Each hydroponic tub contained 10 plants and was filled with a modified Hoagland nutrient solution. One group of plants was grown in a complete nutrient solution (control), while the other treatments lacked one of the following nutrients: N, P, K, Mg and Fe. During the experiment, gas exchange parameters: net photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g.sub.s) and intercellular CO.sub.2 concentration (C.sub.i) were measured. At the end of the experiment, the nutrient content of the plant tissue was determined. Nutrient deficiency significantly affected all measured photosynthetic parameters and visual symptoms indicated that a lack of different nutrients affected the photosynthetic machinery at different points. Potassium deficiency lower stomatal conductance and increased mesophyll resistance to CO.sub.2 diffusion and/or RubisCO activity. Nitrogen and Mg deficiency affected chlorophyll synthesis and accelerated leaf senescence. Phosphorus deficiency caused less damage to gas exchange parameters probably due to protective mechanisms of reduced leaf area. Seed Fe content was surplus to sustain photosynthetic machinery during the early developmental phase.
Common bean u uvjetima nedostatka hranjiva Javornik, Tomislav; Poljak, Milan; Carovic-Stanko, Klaudija ...
Journal of Central European agriculture,
03/2023, Volume:
24, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The lack of plant nutrients is a major problem for agriculture. Because of their essential role in the most important metabolic processes of plants, their deficiency depresses photosynthesis and ...disrupts the efficient operation of the photosynthetic apparatus. In this study, we investigated the gas exchange of common beans bean under the N, P, K, Mg, and Fe deficiency. The experiment was set up as a hydroponic, fully aerated, floating system in 6 hydroponic tubs. Each hydroponic tub contained 10 plants and was filled with a modified Hoagland nutrient solution. One group of plants was grown in a complete nutrient solution (control), while the other treatments lacked one of the following nutrients: N, P, K, Mg and Fe. During the experiment, gas exchange parameters: net photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g.sub.s) and intercellular CO.sub.2 concentration (C.sub.i) were measured. At the end of the experiment, the nutrient content of the plant tissue was determined. Nutrient deficiency significantly affected all measured photosynthetic parameters and visual symptoms indicated that a lack of different nutrients affected the photosynthetic machinery at different points. Potassium deficiency lower stomatal conductance and increased mesophyll resistance to CO.sub.2 diffusion and/or RubisCO activity. Nitrogen and Mg deficiency affected chlorophyll synthesis and accelerated leaf senescence. Phosphorus deficiency caused less damage to gas exchange parameters probably due to protective mechanisms of reduced leaf area. Seed Fe content was surplus to sustain photosynthetic machinery during the early developmental phase. Keywords: transpiration, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO.sub.2 concentration Nedostatak biljnih hranjiva je veliki problem za poljoprivredu. Zbog njihove bitne uloge u kljucnim metabolickim procesima biljaka, nedostatak hranjiva smanjuje fotosintezu i remeti ucinkoviti rad fotosintetskog sustava. U ovome radu smo mjerili izmjenu plinova kod graha u uvjetima nedostatka N, P, K, Mg i Fe. Pokus je bio postavljen kao hidropon, plutajuci sistem u 6 hidroponskih kada. Svaka hidroponska kada sadržavala je 10 biljaka, te je bila ispunjena modificiranom Hoaglandovom hranjivom otopinom. Jedna grupa biljaka je uzgajana u kompletnoj hranjivoj otopini (kontrola), dok je kod drugih tretmana nedostajalo neko odredeno hranjivo: N, P, K, Mg ili Fe. Tijekom pokusa mjereni su parametri izmjene plinova: stopa fotosinteze (A), stopa transpiracije (E), provodljivost puci za H.sub.2O (g.sub.s), te intercelularna koncentracija CO.sub.2 (C). Pri završetku pokusa odreden je sadržaj hranjiva u biljnome materijalu. Nedostatak hranjiva statisticki je znacajno utjecao na sve izmjerene fotosintetske parametre, a vizualni simptomi ukazuju da nedostatak razlicitih hranjiva razlicito utjece na fotosinetski sustav. Nedostatak K smanjuje provodljivost puci i povecava otpor mezofila za difuziju CO.sub.2 i/ili RubisCO aktivnost. Nedostatak N i Mg je utjecao na sintezu klorofila i ubrzavao starenje listova. Nedostatak P manje je naštetio parametrima izmjene plinova vjerojatno zbog zaštitnog mehanizma smanjene površine lista. Sadržaj Fe u sjemenu bio je dovoljan za održavanje fotosintetskog sustava tijekom rane faze razvoja. Kljucne rijeci: transpiracija, stopa fotosinteze, provodljivost puci, intercelularna koncentracija CO.sub.2
Šumski ekosustavi složeni su sustavi u kojima je ponekad teško predvidjeti i objasniti procese međusobnog djelovanja i interakcije pojedinih čimbenika. Neodvojivi dio šumskih ekosustava su različite ...vrste krupne divljači. Divljač, a posebice krupni preživači i divlja svinja, u stalnoj su interakciji sa florom područja koje naseljavaju. Njihovi pozitivno/negativni utjecaji mijenjaju se tijekom različitih fenofaza i starosti sastojine te ovise o prisutnosti i brojnosti divljači, dostupnosti hranjiva i sl. Negativni utjecaji krupnih vrsta divljači predmet su brojnih istraživanja u svijetu i kod nas. U ovome istraživanju obrađene su štete koje uzrokuje jelen obični (
Cervus elaphus
L.) na kori mladih stabala poljskog jasena (
Fraxinus angustifolia
Vahl). Na dvije lokacije unutar poplavnog područja rijeke Save, u staništima gdje se preklapaju zajednice poljskog jasena i areal jelena običnog, izvršeno je istraživanje oštećenja na kori poljskog jasena. Rezultati pokazuju da guljenje kore mladih stabala jasena započinje odmah po uklanjanju zaštitne ograde kojim se sastojine štite u fazi oplodnih sječa. Oštećivana stabla jasena kreću se u rasponu prsnog promjera od 2 do 18 cm. Na stablima promjera 18 cm i više, zbog formiranja debljeg sloja mrtve kore, jeleni prestaju s guljenjem, a štete iz prethodnih godina postaju teže uočljive. Oštećivanja kore kreću od pridanka debla (vrata korijena) pa sve do 190 cm visine. Porastom promjera unutar raspona 2 – 18 cm, raste i stupanj prstenovanja odnosno kumulativna višegodišnja oštećenja. Na nekim lokacijama šteta je zabilježena na svim stablima poljskog jasena. Oštećenja nisu pronađena na hrastu lužnjaku (
Quercus robur
L.) i amorfi (
Amorpha fruticosa
L.) kao dvjema najzastupljenijim drvenastim vrstama pored jasena. Provedene analize kore ne upućuju da je nedostatak hranjiva, šećera ili minerala razlog zašto jeleni gule koru mladih jasenovih stabala.
Forest ecosystems are complex systems where it is often hard to predict and explain mutual activities and interactions of individual factors. Different species of big game make an inseparable part of these ecosystems. Game, particularly big ruminants and wild boar are in a constant interaction with the flora of the area they inhabit. Their positive and negative effects vary during different forest stand phenophases and depend on the forest stand age, presence and number of different game species,
availability of food, etc. The negative effects of big game on forest stands have been studied worldwide and in Croatia as well. The focus of this research was to analyse the bark damage induced by red deer on young trees of narrow-leaved ash. The research was conducted in two narrow-leaved ash forest stands situated in the Sava river basin in Croatia, where red deer is known to be present. The obtained results indicate that debarking (bark peeling) of young trees starts immediately upon the removal of the protective fence which is usually put up around forest stands during the regeneration period. Diameter at the breast height (DBH) of damaged narrow-leaved ash trees varied from 2 to 18 cm. In trees of greater diameter, new bark peeling didn’t occur, and damage induced in previous years became less conspicuous due to the formation of thicker bark layer. Bark damage was visible from the root collar (ground level) up to 190 cm of the stem height. With the increase of DBH (in the range from 2 to 18 cm), the girdling intensity, i.e., the cumulative damage from previous years increased as well. In some research plots the damage was visible on all narrow-leaved ash trees. Bark damage induced by red deer was not observed on the pedunculate oak and indigo bush, which were the two most common woody species in the researched area just after narrow-leaved ash. Conducted bark analysis didn’t indicate that the lack of nutrients, soluble sugar or minerals is the reason for the extensive bark peeling of the narrow-leaved ash bark.
•Temperature and genotype of pollen affect pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization percentage in olive.•Increased temperature reduced pollen tube growth and fertilization ...percentage.•Cross-pollination resulted with higher pollen tube growth rate and fertilization percentage than self-pollination.•Temperature and genotype interaction was significant for pollen performance.
The reproductive phase has proven to be one of the most temperature sensitive stages in plants. Relatively high or low temperatures, especially during the progamic phase, are often correlated with low fertilization percentages and low fruit setting in different years and orchards. Here, the olive variety ‘Oblica’ was employed in a two year field experiment to assess the effect of temperature on the duration of the flowering period as well as on pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization percentage. An increase in temperature in the field was caused by covering trees with polyethylene cages. Cultivars ‘Leccino’ and ‘Levantinka’ were used as pollen donor genotypes in the cross-pollination treatment, and pollen from ‘Oblica’ trees was applied in the self-pollination treatment. Pollen germination in vitro was enhanced when pollen grains were exposed to higher temperatures two days before the start of flowering (29% for covered trees vs. 17% for uncovered trees in 2009; and 12.3% vs. 10% in 2010). Higher temperatures advanced the appearance of full bloom and shortened the duration of flowering period by one day for ‘Oblica’ trees inside the cages. No significant difference in pollen germination on the stigma was observed between the trees exposed to different temperatures. Pollen donor genotype affected pollen germination in vivo. Temperature had significant influence on pollen tube growth in the style and on fertilization percentage, but the reaction was genotype dependent. Higher temperatures reduced pollen tube growth in the style (decrease for 17% in 2009 and for 9% in 2010) and fertilization percentage (decrease for 9% in 2009 and for 8% in 2010) by increasing the time required for pollen tubes to reach the base of the style or the ovule. Due to faster pollen tube growth, the percentages of pollen tube growth and fertilization were significantly higher in cross-pollinated flowers (94.9% in 2009 and 70.9% in 2010 for pollen tube growth; 58.9% in 2009 and 51.4% in 2010 for fertilization) than in self-pollinated flowers (35.4% in 2009 and 59.6% in 2010 for pollen tube growth; 19.3% in 2009 and 39.1% in 2010 for fertilization). The results of our study support the model that the self-incompatibility level in olive is regulated by temperature because differences in self-fertilization percentage were observed between ‘Oblica’ trees outside and inside the polyethylene cages.
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Potato is grown worldwide, in some cases in very acid soils. Aluminum (Al) is a major limiting factor for crop productivity in acid soils. Al toxicity was studied mainly on plant roots, while less ...attention was given to its effects on leaves. Al tolerance observed in solution cultures has rarely been correlated with Al tolerance in acid soils. Al tolerance was assessed in 12 potato cultivars grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, and 50 μmol Al L
−1
by its relative root elongation (RRE). The effect of acid soil with high level of exchangeable Al on leaf mineral content, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO
2
concentration, water use efficiency (WUE), and light use efficiency (LUE) was studied on cultivars, with the greatest differences in RRE (cv. Tresor, 63.1 and 42.5% and cv. Canberra, 23.3 and 19.2%, for the 25 and 50 μmol Al L
−1
treatments, respectively), grown for 49 days after planting (DAP) in acid and limed soil. Growth in acid soil significantly reduced concentrations of nitrogen (−18.51%) and magnesium (−27.17%) in the leaves in cv. Canberra and concentrations of potassium and copper in both cultivars. Canberra grown in acid soil showed a significant decrease in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, from 28 to 49 DAP, and in transpiration rate and LUE when averaged across all measurements, while cv. Tresor was not affected. Physiological disorders observed on leaves of plants grown in acid soil can be correlated with the differences in Al tolerance observed in nutrient solutions.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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