This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the optimization techniques used in a wide range of engineering applications. The comparison of various approaches such as Response surface ...methodology (RSM), Genetic algorithm (GA) and Artificial neural network (ANN) towards optimization problems is widely elaborated. The factors that affect the optimization using various techniques are addressed along with the safety precautions to be followed in a sequential manner to achieve a better optimization model. Furthermore, the coupling of two distinct algorithms (RSM-GA, ANN-GA) are explained and this hybrid approach provides a better localizing of the optimal point with a higher accuracy.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are considered as an alternative energy storage device for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the low cost and earth abundant. Herein, first time we report the ...hydrothermally synthesized Bacilli rod shape V2O5 and making composite with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for KIBs which greatly boosting the cycle durability and rate capability. Sheet-like materials (rGO) greatly enhance the performance of energy storage materials due to their high surface area which largely improves the electrochemical reaction kinetics. The heterostructure of V2O5 nanorods anchored on highly conductive rGO matrix not only enhance the reaction kinetics but also offer a more reactive surface area for potassium-ion storage resulting superior cycling stability. The V2O5@rGO exhibits a reversible capacity of 271 mAhg−1 and retains 80% initial discharge capacity after 500 cycles. It shows excellent rate capability and delivers 50 mAhg−1 even at the high current density of 2940 mAg−1 (10C). Ex-situ TEM and XRD analysis confirmed that the rod-shape with sheet like rGO morphology is retained after 500 cycles. The design of nanorod@sheet like architecture becomes a promising cathode candidate for high performance KIBs.
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•V2O5@rGO is shown to be a suitable cathode for nonaqueous K-ion batteries.•V2O5@rGO exhibits the highest reversible capacity for a K-ion battery to date.•V2O5@rGO shows good rate capability and very good capacity retention over many cycles.•The structure of V2O5@rGO composite is stable even after 500 cycles.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Treatability of anaerobically digested distillery wastewater is challenging because of its high pollution load of COD up to 40,000 ppm. This research investigates the possibilities of retrofitting ...the effluent treatment plant (ETP) of a distillery with microalgae treatment step. For this, at first the photobioreactors of capacity 50 L and 500 L were customized for the cultivation of Spirulina sp. under xenon lamp and sunlight. The reactor supported the maximum specific growth rate up to 0.42 ± 0.03 d−1 in the 50 L reactor at laboratory and 0.10 ± 0.02 d−1 in the 500 L reactor at the outdoor for Spirulina sp. The treatability of wastewater of COD 30,000 ppm–40,000 ppm was carried out in those reactors with the Spirulina sp. of culture volume fraction 0.8 and 0.93 under xenon lamp and sunlight respectively. The chemical oxygen demand and total dissolved solids reduction were 60–70% in both the volume fractions of the culture. Ion chromatography analysis indicated the reduction of major inorganic pollutants in the wastewater by the Spirulina sp. The algae were sustainable when the culture volume fraction was increased from 0.8 to 0.93. Thus, the phycoremediation was shown the significant pollution reduction in the wastewater. The addition of this step is valuable and it benefits the distillery by not only improving the quality of wastewater but also through the generation of algae biomass that would be appropriate for animal feed or biofuel application. However, the detail biochemical study is needed for the best use of algae biomass and the treatment could be checked for the long run sustainability.
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•Customized photobioreactor system for the growth of algae and treatment.•COD and TDS reduction up to 60–70% with variable wastewater and culture ratio.•Inorganic pollutant uptake by Spirulina sp. and its analysis using ion chromatography.•Sustainability of algae at the culture volume ratio of 0.93 at the site of distillery.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Raw distillery wastewater (RSW) has the characteristics such as pH 4.0–4.6; chemical oxygen demand 85,000–110,000 ppm; total dissolved solids 85,000–110,000 ppm and biological oxygen demand ...25,000–35,000 ppm. Anaerobic digestion is the widely used treatment process in distillery to reduce the pollution load by 65–70%. Further, the pollution load is treated by RO process. The operation of RO process becomes difficult due to high influent load. This research work suggests the positioning of an additional biotreatment step, called phycoremediation to retrofit into the existing effluent treatment plant (ETP). The wastewater from the nearby distillery is collected at the various treatment stages of ETP such as before and after anaerobic digestion, settling lagoons and RO process. The physico-chemical, thermal and spectroscopic characteristics of wastewater are studied and the analysis is made based on the stage-wise characterization. It is inferred from the analysis that the phycoremediation step needs to be retrofitted into the existing ETP after anaerobic digestion. Anaerobically digested distillery wastewater treatment with Oscillatoria sp. resulted further reduction in chemical oxygen demand up to 55%, which reduce the influent load to the reverse osmosis plant.
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•Revealing the physico-chemical characteristics of wastewater at every stage of ETP operation.•Thermal characterization of wastewater using TGA & DSC.•Observation of major functional groups present in RSW & BMSW using FT-MIR spectroscopy.•Visualizing the variations of monitoring parameters in the individual operation.•Favoring conditions to include microalgae treatment step, is after anaerobic digestion.•Achieving zero liquid discharge through new clean ETP strategy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This experimental work has been conducted to compare the performance of the modified stills with that of the conventional still. Three modified stills (S1, S2, and S3) and conventional still (S4) ...were fabricated, each with 0.5 m
2
of the basin area. S1 and S3 had transparent double glass walls with air in between acting as insulation, whereas S2 has a single transparent wall. S4 has insulated plywood walls painted black from inside. A mixture of coco peat and charcoal was used in S1, S2, and S3, whereas there was no basin material for S4. Experiments were conducted by changing the water quantity in the solar still ranging from 5 to 10 kg. Maximum distillate output of 5.46 l/m
2
-d was obtained for S2, whereas it was 3.80 l/m
2
-d for S4 for an average solar radiation intensity of 675 W/m
2
(24.3 MJ/m
2
-d). Use of transparent walls with troughs to collect condensate increased the condenser area by 78.4%. The distillate water cost per liter was estimated as Rs. 0.86 (0.013 US$) and Rs. 1.61 (0.025 US$) for S2 and S4, respectively. Energy payback time for S2 was estimated as 4 months. Theoretical and experimental values showed that there is a significant loss of incoming solar radiation due to wall shadow.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Distillery effluent is a dark-coloured recalcitrant organic formed as a result of mailard's reaction during fermentation of molasses. The high strength effluent is highly complicated to dispose due ...to its properties, such as acidic nature, low pH, high total solids concentration, high concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The disposal of effluent from the distilleries is attempted using hen feather as an organic adsorbent which is a biodegradable waste, and is compared with the bentonite as an inorganic adsorbent. The adsorption experiments were conducted in the real-time distillery effluent using hen feather and bentonite for a concentration range of 1000 to 3000 ppm. The effect of different adsorbents was studied using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analyser. The gravimetric analysis of the hen feather and bentonite after adsorption indicates the 72% and 49.96% of total dissolved solids could be removed, respectively. The TGA results showed that the residue obtained by distillery effluent solids in oxygen mode was 30% which is reduced to 9% for hen feather adsorbed distillery solid samples. From the experiments, the results show that the residue from the distillery effluent solids was reduced to 9% on comparing with the bentonite 40%. The amide group in the hen feather adsorbs higher as the distillery effluent is the product of sugar and amine fermentation. Hence, the hen feather is the better option to use for the adsorption and to reduce the solid waste.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Solar air heating collectors fluctuate in their output due to the fluctuations in the incident solar radiation. The performance of the collectors could be improved by integrating an energy storage ...mechanism inside the collector itself, to provide a constant heat output. Thermic oil is generally used as energy storage medium for medium temperature applications. The objective of the present work is to check the feasibility of using waste car engine oil (WCEO) in place of Servotherm medium (STM) as energy storage medium to maintain the constant heat output. Three evacuated tube collectors (ETCs) are used in the study, each fixed with a U-pipe heat exchanger at the centre of ETC. One of the ETCs is filled with WCEO in the space available inside the tube as ESM to compare the performance with the ETC filled with STM as energy storage medium and the ETC without any energy storage medium. Constant air supply of 1.47 kg/h was admitted to all the three ETCs. Experiments were carried out for a period of one week and the data was analysed for two different days, one with less fluctuations and another day with more fluctuations of solar irradiation. The ETCs with energy storage medium could supply hot air up-to 23:30 h with more than or equal to 10 °C whereas ETC without energy storage medium could not supply hot air beyond 17:30 h.
•Novel ETC with In-built storage & U-pipe heat exchanger for solar air heating.•Servotherm medium is replaced with waste car engine oil for heat storage.•Maximum air temperature attained by ETC without storage medium is 90 °C.•Constant hot air temperature attained by ETC with storage ~70 °C.•Performance of waste car engine oil is similar to that of servotherm medium oil.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The integration of solar photovoltaic (SPV) system to the grid has introduced a new source of intermittency in the grid, and the grid has to react smartly to the changes that occur in the penetration ...of SPV power. Accurate modeling of weather-dependent SPV power will be helpful in forecasting the penetration of SPV power into the grid. An SPV power output forecasting model has been developed based on artificial neural network (ANN) approach. Two forecasters, namely ANN forecaster and two-stage hybrid-ANN forecaster, are developed with operational and weather parameters. The historical data of SPV power (P), hours of operation of SPV system (t
o
), daily global solar radiation (H), and ambient temperature(T) are used as modeling parameters. The combination of modeling parameters {P, H, T, t
o
} is identified as the best combination that influences the forecasting of day-ahead power output. A relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of 5.74% was obtained with the combination of {P, H, T, t
o
}. An RRMSE of 6.04% was observed with the combination of {P, H, T} as inputs, and the hours of operation of the SPV plant could be ignored in the model. The historical power data of the SPV plant is identified as the crucial parameter in the SPV power forecast model and has given an RRMSE of 7.25%. The models developed with temperature and radiation as modeling parameters have resulted in good forecasting accuracy, which could be best suitable for feasibility studies of SPV plant at a particular location. Solar radiation prediction models are used in the development of hybrid-ANN forecaster. It has produced an RRMSE of 7.35% with four inputs. The hybrid-ANN forecaster with predicted radiations as modeling input will eliminate the need of a costly pyranometer. The models developed in the present study have utilized readily available parameters as modeling parameters, thereby cost of the forecasting system has been decreased. The developed models will be useful for energy scheduling and energy management in the smart grid.
Abbreviations: GSR, Global Solar Radiation; ANN, Artificial Neural networks; SPV, Solar Photovoltaics; MAPE, Mean Absolute Percentage Error; RRMSE, Relative Root Mean Square Error; MSE, Mean Square Error.
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