strain KJ5 (formerly called
sp. strain KJ5) is a yellowish marine bacterium that was isolated from a hard coral
in the Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia. The complete genome sequence of the bacterium ...has been reported recently. In this study, we examined the carotenoid composition of this bacterium using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MS/MS. We found that the bacterium produced sulfur-containing carotenoids, i.e., caloxanthin sulfate and nostoxanthin sulfate, as the most abundant carotenoids. A new carotenoid zeaxanthin sulfate was detected based on its ESI-MS/MS spectrum. The unique presence of sulfated carotenoids found among the currently known species of the
genus were discussed.
Infection caused by pathogenic fungal species is one of the most challenging disease to be tackled today. The antifungal bacteria candidate can be found in terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems, ...with mangrove forests being one of them. The purpose of this study is to obtain candidate isolates of antifungal strains with a detection approach and gene mapping simulation of bioactive compounds producers and screening to determine qualitative antifungal activity. The research will be carried out by collecting sediment samples from the mangrove ecosystems of Karimunjawa and Mangkang sub-district of Semarang city, isolating and purifying bacteria with Humic Acid Vitamin Agar (HVA), International Streptomyces Project 1 (ISP 1) and Zobell (Marine Agar). added with antibiotics, qualitative antifungal ability screening of each isolate obtained, detection of the presence of PKS gene and NRPS using special primers using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method, and molecular identification of each isolate by 16s rRNA sequencing method. Of the total 59 isolates produced from the sample isolation process, 31 isolates from Karimunjawa sediments and 8 isolates from Semarang sediments showed activity against test pathogenic bacteria, namely
,
sp., and
. Detection of Biosynthethic Gene Cluster (BGC) showed that the genes encoding secondary metabolites (NRPS, PKS 1 and PKS 2) were detected in KI 2-2 isolates from Karimunjawa. NRPS were detected only in isolates SP 3-9, SH 3-4, KI 1-6, KI 2-2, KI 2-4. The secondary metabolite-encoding gene, PKS1, was detected in isolates SP 3-5, SP 3-8, KI 2-2. PKS II genes were detected only on isolates SP 2-4, SH 3-8, KI 1-6, KI 2-2, and KI 2-4. Isolate SP 3-5 was revealed as
(93.14%), isolate SP 2-4 was
strain HN-181 (100%) and isolate SP 3-8 was
strain QK -2 (100%).
Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria with a fungus-like morphology. Their natural habitat encompasses terrestrial and water areas, including mangrove ecosystems. This study aimed to ...assess the
and
genes as the producers of secondary metabolites and to determine the target bacterial species using molecular DNA tests.
In this study, we isolated bacteria from sediment samples from mangrove forests located on Karimunjawa Islands and in Semarang city, purified bacteria, screened for antibacterial activity, extracted bacterial DNA, amplified the
gene, detected and amplified the
and
genes, amplified and sequenced the 16S rRNA, processed molecular data, and simulated a map of secondary metabolite producing genes.
Samples from the Karimunjawa Islands yielded 19 bacterial isolates, whereas samples from Semarang yielded 11 bacterial isolates after culture in different media. Further experiments identified three active isolates, which were termed PN.SB.6.2, S.SK.6.3, and S.SK.7.1, against pathogenic species of
,
, and
. Isolate PN.SB.6.2 was determined to possess three biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), whereas the remaining two isolates, S.SK.6.3 and S.SK.7.1, only possessed two BGCs, namely,
and
.
Products were estimated to be in the
, thiopeptide, RiPP-like, siderophore, betalactone, terpene, Type III
, CDPS, and lassopeptide groups. DNA identification of the isolates found three species of actinomycetes with antibacterial potential, namely,
,
, and
.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that are widely distributed in soil, litter, water, and other natural sources. These Gram positive bacteria can produce hundreds of bioactive compounds, ...especially antibiotics. This research isolated culturable actinomycetes from mangrove sediments in the Semarang and Karimunjawa Island areas. The isolates that produce potential antibacterial compounds were identified by qualitative screening using the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster (NRPS/PKS) prediction approach. This research was conducted from June to November 2020. A total of 19 actinomycetes from Semarang and 17 actinomycetes from Karimunjawa were found to have at least one type of Biosynthetic Gene Cluster (NRPS, Type I or Type II PKS), but only three isolates had antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes. Molecular identification found that the bacteria were similar to Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum (99.92%), Streptomyces pluripotens (100%), and Micromonospora chersina (99.08%). Results of the study concluded that the three bacterial isolates that had bacterial activity have similar genes with known antibiotic-producing genes and can potentially provide new antibiotic candidates.
Cincalok is a typical food from West Kalimantan made from fermented rebon shrimp containing astaxanthin, the most potent antioxidant in nature. This study investigated an efficient method for ...extracting astaxanthin from the cincalok using vegetable oils as solvents. Olive, sesame, grape seeds, coconut, and virgin coconut oil were used as alternative solvents. The effect of various parameters on extraction yield was also studied. N-hexane and acetone were also used for comparison. Amplitude level and extraction time were the factors investigated concerning extraction yield. Comparative studies between traditional extraction methods and extraction assisted by ultrasonication have also been carried out. The astaxanthin content as total carotenoids in oil extract was analyzed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer with a standard external method. The optimum ultrasound-assisted extraction condition of astaxanthin from cincalok was 40% amplitude for 3 minutes, with 100.62 μg/g of astaxanthin extraction yield when used virgin coconut oil as a solvent. In this way, oils enriched with astaxanthin are produced.
Le cincalok est un aliment typique du Kalimantan occidental (île de Bornéo, Indonésie) fait de crevettes rebon fermentées contenant de l’astaxanthine, l’antioxydant le plus puissant de la nature. Cette étude a examiné une méthode efficace pour extraire l’astaxanthine du cincalok en utilisant des huiles végétales comme solvants. L’huile d’olive, de sésame, de pépins de raisin, de noix de coco et l’huile de noix de coco vierge ont été utilisées comme solvants alternatifs. L’effet de divers paramètres sur le rendement d’extraction a également été étudié. Le N-hexane et l’acétone ont également été utilisés à des fins de comparaison. Le rendement d’extraction a été jugé sur la base de deux facteurs : l’amplitude des ondes acoustiques et le temps d’extraction. Des études comparatives entre les méthodes d’extraction traditionnelles et l’extraction assistée par ultrasons ont également été réalisées. La teneur en astaxanthine comme caroténoïdes totaux dans l’extrait d’huile a été analysée à l’aide d’un spectrophotomètre UV-vis avec une méthode externe standard. La condition optimale d’extraction assistée par ultrasons de l’astaxanthine du cincalok était une amplitude de 40 % pendant 3 minutes, avec un rendement d’extraction de 100,62 μg/g d’astaxanthine lors de l’utilisation d’huile de coco vierge comme solvant. Ce procès permet la production d’huiles enrichies en astaxanthine.
The study aimed to determine the quality of bittern lotion. Furthermore, this research aimed to determine the potential of bittern lotions as anti-inflammatory tests on the skin of Swiss Strain Mice ...using histological analysis. The bittern sample used was obtained from a salt pond in Kedung Mutih, Demak District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The research was conducted by making lotion bittern in the concentrations of 20 percent, 35 %, and 50 %, followed by testing lotion bittern. The data were then analysed by One-Way ANOVA, LSD test, and Independent Samples T-test. Results showed that the three bittern lotions have potential as an anti-inflammatory, with the best results being 35% bittern lotion with an inflammatory inhibition (PI) level of 29.37%. However, based on histological analysis of the number of inflammatory cells (skin tissue), there was a significant difference (P<0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that bittern lotion has the potential as an anti-inflammatory lotion.
These study aimed to determine antioxidant activity, total phenolic compound and pigment content of tropical
S. platensis, G. arcuata and U. lactuca. S. platensis
was extracted with aquadest (SPA), ...while
G. arcuata
and
U. lactuca
were extracted with n-hexane (GAH and ULH), ethyl-acetate (GAE and ULE) and methanol (GAM and ULM). The IC50 value was used to calculate the ability of extract to inhibit free radicals using DPPH (515 nm). The TPC was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu (725 nm). Phycocyanin (620 nm), phycoerythrin (652 nm), allophycocyanin (562 nm), carotenoid (470 nm) and chlorophyll (645 nm and 662 nm) were measured based on color intensity. The results indicated that SPA was able to inhibit free radicals (46.12±2.03%), contains TPC (26.64±0.16 mg/GAE samples) and dominated by phycocyanin pigments (0.301±0.09 mg/g).
G. arcuata
extracted with ethyl-acetate (GAE) showed the best value with IC50 136.267±0.28 ppm, TPC 303.507±1.155 mg/GAE samples, carotenoid 0.528 ±0.009 μmol/g and chlorophyll a 2.845 ±0.069 mg/g. The
U. lactuca
extracted with ethyl-acetate also showed the best value with IC50 462.560±2.44 ppm, TPC 210.129±1.387 mg/GAE samples, carotenoid 0.442 ±0.046 μmol/g and chlorophyll a 9.216 ±0.103 mg/g. This results conlcuded that macroalgae extracted with ethyl acetate had better activity which categorized as moderate antioxidant.
Gracilaria verrucosa adalah salah satu jenis rumput laut merah yang memiliki kandungan bioaktif untuk antioksidan alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan yang ...terkandung di dalam Gracilaria verrucosa dengan menggunakan dua metode berbeda, yaitu penangkapan radikal bebas DPPH dan daya reduksi dengan menggunakan tiga pelarut berbeda (n – heksan, etil asetat dan metanol), mengetahui nilai total fenolat dan pigmen (klorofil a, klorofil b dan karotenoid). Penentuan total fenolat menggunakan asam galat sebagai standar dengan Folin – Ciocalteu sebagai pelarutnya. Penentuan pigmen klorofil a, klorofil b dan karotenoid dilakukan dengan spektrofotometri UV – VIS dengan Panjang gelombang 646 nm, 663 nm dan 470 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Gracilaria verrucosa memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat lemah dengan nilai IC50 ekstrak etil asetat 1.274 ppm, ekstrak n – heksan 1.304 ppm dan ekstrak metanol 1.381 ppm sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan dengan daya reduksi menunjukkan nilai antioksidan ekstrak etil asetat 15,13 mgAAE/gr sampel; ekstrak n – heksan 8,50 mgAAE/gr sampel dan ekstrak metanol 5,85 mgAAE/gr sampel.
This research was conducted to discover bioactive compounds in sea cucumbers collected from Karimunjawa as anti-microbial agents against several pathogenic bacteria. Five sea cucumbers species used ...in this study were Teripang Gamat (Stichopus variegatus), Teripang Nanas (Stichopus chloronotus), Teripang Getah (Bohadschia mamorata), Teripang Emas (Stichopus herrmanni) and Teripang Babi (Bohadschia argus). Sea cucumbers extract were subjected to a series of anti-microbial tests using Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio anguila, Vibrio voinivica, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas sp. Results showed that in the preliminary study, tissue extract of Bohadschia mamorata and Bohadschia argus were able to suppress the growth of all tested bacteria. Further study used these two sea cucumber extracts, and the results show that Bohadschia mamorata extract at 10 mg/ml showed the largest antibacterial (2.18 mm) towards the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas sp., while the smallest antibacterial zone (0.63 mm) was against the growth of Bacillus subtilis. At the concentration level of 20 mg/ml Bohadschia argus extract showed the highest antibacterial zone of 3.68 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and the lowest inhibition zone (1.75 mm) against Pseudomonas sp.
Marina and Baruna Beach are widely recognized as popular beach tourism destinations in Semarang. Its proximity to the main beach estuary causes them to significantly impact marine tourism quality. In ...addition, their exposure to waste may be a potential threat to biological pollution. Coliform and Escherichia coli are used as bioindicators to monitor the quality of marine tourism due to their high correlation to faecal contamination and pathogenic microbes. Samples collected were beach sand and seawater from Marina Beach, Baruna Beach and the estuary of Semarang Banjir Kanal Barat. Data were collected following the presumptive and confirmed test, followed by the conversion to MPN Table. Data obtained is combined with Government Regulations No. 22 of 2021 in Appendix VIII, specifically seawater quality standards for marine tourism. The results of this study reveal high contamination of coliform and E. coli in both beaches. Coliform result in the swimming zone at Marina Beach was 2800 MPN/100ml and at Baruna Beach was 16000 MPN/100ml. Meanwhile, Escherichia coli in the swimming zone area at Marina Beach was 400 MPN/100ml and at Baruna Beach was 1700 MPN/100ml. Overall, these results show that the contamination rate from both swimming zones is higher than the recommended seawater quality standard for marine tourism Wisata Pantai Marina dan Pantai Baruna menjadi kawasan wisata pantai yang populer di Kota Semarang. Lokasinya yang berdekatan dengan muara sungai utama di Kota ini berdampak terhadap kualitas wisata pantai. Paparan limbah berpotensi menyebabkanpencemaran biologis. Monitoring terhadap bakteri coliform dan bakteri Escherichia coli dapat digunakan sebagai bioindikator kualitas wisata pantai, karena keberadaannya berkorelasi dengan cemaran feses dan mikroba patogen. Sampel berupa pasir pantai dan air laut diambil dari lokasi Pantai Marina, Pantai Baruna, dan muara Sungai Banjir Kanal Barat Kota Semarang. Pengujian sampel dilaksanakan dengan presumtif test dan confirmed test, selanjutnya dikonversi dengan Tabel MPN. Data yang didapatkan akan dipadukan dengan PP Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 pada Lampiran VIII, yaitu baku mutu air laut untuk wisata bahari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingginya kontaminasi bakteri coliform dan bakteri Escherichia coli dikedua pantai. Hasil coliform pada kawasan swimming zone pada Pantai Marina 2800 MPN/100ml dan Pantai Baruna 16000 MPN/100ml, serta hasil Escherichia coli pada kawasan swimming zone pada Pantai Marina 400 MPN/100ml dan Pantai Baruna 1700 MPN/100ml. Kawasan swimming zone pada wisata Pantai Marina dan Pantai Baruna mempunyai hasil yang melebihi baku mutu air laut untuk wisata bahari.
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