We present high-fidelity, 30 milliarcsecond (200-pc) resolution ALMA rest-frame 240 \(\mu\)m observations of cold dust emission in three typical main-sequence star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at \(z \sim ...3\) in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF). The cold dust is distributed within the smooth disk-like central regions of star formation \(1 - 3\) kpc in diameter, despite their complex and disturbed rest-frame UV and optical morphologies. No dust substructures or clumps are seen down to \(\simeq 1- 3\) \(M_\odot\)yr\(^{-1}\) (1\(\sigma\)) per 200-pc beam. No dust emission is observed at the locations of UV-emitting clumps, which lie \(\simeq 2-10\) kpc from the bulk of star formation. Clumpy substructures can contribute no more than \(1-7\)% of the total star formation in these galaxies (3\(\sigma\) upper limits). The lack of star-forming substructures in our HUDF galaxies is to be contrasted with the multiple substructures characteristic of submillimeter-selected galaxies (SMGs) at the same cosmic epoch, particularly the far-IR-bright SMGs with similarly high-fidelity ALMA observations of Hodge et al. (2019). Individual star-forming substructures in these SMGs contain \(\sim10-30\)% of their total star formation. A substructure in these SMGs is often comparably bright in the far-infrared as (or in some cases brighter than) our typical SFGs, suggesting that these SMGs originate from a class of disruptive event involving multiple objects at the scale of our HUDF galaxies. The scale of the disruptive event found in our main-sequence SFGs, characterized by the lack of star-forming substructures at our resolution and sensitivity, could be less violent, e.g., gas-rich disk instability or minor mergers.
ERIS is the new AO instrument for VLT-UT4 led by a Consortium of Max-Planck Institut fuer Extraterrestrische Physik, UK-ATC, ETH-Zurich, ESO and INAF. The ERIS AO system provides NGS mode to deliver ...high contrast correction and LGS mode to extend high Strehl performance to large sky coverage. The AO module includes NGS and LGS wavefront sensors and, with VLT-AOF Deformable Secondary Mirror and Laser Facility, will provide AO correction to the high resolution imager NIX (1-5um) and the IFU spectrograph SPIFFIER (1-2.5um). In this paper we present the preliminary design of the ERIS AO system and the estimated correction performance.
Diffraction limited resolution adaptive optics (AO) correction in visible wavelengths requires a high performance control. In this paper we investigate infinite impulse response filters that optimize ...the wavefront correction: we tested these algorithms through full numerical simulations of a single-conjugate AO system comprising an adaptive secondary mirror with 1127 actuators and a pyramid wavefront sensor (WFS). The actual practicability of the algorithms depends on both robustness and knowledge of the real system: errors in the system model may even worsen the performance. In particular we checked the robustness of the algorithms in different conditions, proving that the proposed method can reject both disturbance and calibration errors.
Traditional parameters such aa tumor size, histology, hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes involvement have been identified as prognostic faeton of natural history of completely resected lung cancer. ...New factors including tumor proliferative activity have been evaluated in the research setting, but at the moment their prognostic significance in resected lung cancer is not identified. Therefore controversy continues as to whether tumor proliferative index provides more useful clinical information than traditional prognostic parameters.
We investigated parameters like proliferative activity, fibrosis and necrosis, mitotic count, intratumoral and peritumoral blood or lymphatic vessel invasion by tumor cells and neoangiogenesis in 125 consecutive patients with non small cell lung cancer and who underwent operation between January 1990 and December 1993. Seventy-four were in stage I, 13 in stage II and 38 in stage III, 52 were adenocarcinoma, 55 squamous cell carcinoma, 11 adeno-squamous cell carcinoma and 7 indifferentiated large cell carcinoma. Fourteen patients in stage III had previous neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 3 cycles of mitomycin, cispiatin and vinbiastine (MPV) and after underwent surgery. Median follow-up of the entire group is 3.4 years.
Fifty-three patients in stage I (71.6%) are still alive and free of disease; eight patients (61.5%) in stage II and 20 (53.6%) in stage III are alive respectively. Eleven patients (76.6%) who had previous chemotherapy and complete resection are alive and free of disease at a median follow-up of 22 months. By multivariate analysis the disease-free survival seems to be influenced by blood vessel invasion by tumor cells and neoangiogenesis expecially for patients in stage I and in stage III for neoadjuvant group. In this latter group exists a correlation between fibrosis grade, presence of inflammatory peritumoral reaction and survival.
Preliminary data of our study show a correlation between either the density of microvesssls or the blood vessel invasion in histologic sections and the recurrence of disease. Furthermore our results suggest that the presence of concomitant fibrosis and inflammatory infiltration could be an important factor for better clinical out-come althought longer follow-up is needed to assess the impact of this multimodality evaluation.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A&A 586, A83 (2016) We combined the spectroscopic information from the 3D-HST survey with
\textit{Herschel} data to characterize the H$\alpha$ dust attenuation
properties of a sample of 79 main ...sequence star-forming galaxies at $z \sim 1$
in the GOODS-S field. The sample was selected in the far-IR, at $\lambda$=100
and/or 160 $\mu$m, and only includes galaxies with a secure H$\alpha$ detection
(S/N$>$3). From the low resolution 3D-HST spectra we measured the redshifts and
the H$\alpha$ fluxes for the whole sample (a factor of 1/1.2 was applied to the
observed fluxes to remove the NII contamination). The stellar masses
(M$_{\star}$), infrared (L$_{IR}$) and UV luminosities (L$_{UV}$) were derived
from the SEDs by fitting multi-band data from GALEX near-UV to SPIRE 500
$\mu$m. We estimated the continuum extinction E$_{star}$(B-V) from both the
IRX=L$_{IR}$/L$_{UV}$ ratio and the UV-slope, $\beta$, and found an excellent
agreement between the two. The nebular extinction was estimated from comparison
of the observed SFR$_{H\alpha}$ and SFR$_{UV}$. We obtained
\emph{f}=E$_{star}$(B-V)/E$_{neb}$(B-V)=0.93$\pm$0.06, i.e. higher than the
canonical value of \emph{f}=0.44 measured in the local Universe. Our derived
dust correction produces good agreement between the H$\alpha$ and IR+UV SFRs
for galaxies with SFR$\gtrsim$ 20 M$_{\odot}$/yr and M$_{\star} \gtrsim 5
\times 10^{10}$ M$_{\odot}$, while objects with lower SFR and M$_{\star}$ seem
to require a smaller \emph{f}-factor (i.e. higher H$\alpha$ extinction
correction). Our results then imply that the nebular extinction for our sample
is comparable to that in the optical-UV continuum and suggest that the
\emph{f}-factor is a function of both M$_{\star}$ and SFR, in agreement with
previous studies.
We investigate the physical conditions of ionized gas in high-z star-forming galaxies using diagnostic diagrams based on the rest-frame optical emission lines. The sample consists of 701 galaxies ...with an Ha detection at \(1.4\lesssim z\lesssim1.7\), from the FMOS-COSMOS survey, that represent the normal star-forming population over the stellar mass range \(10^{9.6} \lesssim M_\ast/M_\odot \lesssim 10^{11.6}\) with those at \(M_\ast>10^{11}~M_\odot\) being well sampled. We confirm an offset of the average location of star-forming galaxies in the BPT diagram (OIII/Hb vs. NII/Ha), primarily towards higher OIII/Hb, compared with local galaxies. Based on the SII ratio, we measure an electron density (\(n_e=220^{+170}_{-130}~\mathrm{cm^{-3}}\)), that is higher than that of local galaxies. Based on comparisons to theoretical models, we argue that changes in emission-line ratios, including the offset in the BPT diagram, are caused by a higher ionization parameter both at fixed stellar mass and at fixed metallicity with additional contributions from a higher gas density and possibly a hardening of the ionizing radiation field. Ionization due to AGNs is ruled out as assessed with Chandra. As a consequence, we revisit the mass-metallicity relation using NII/Ha and a new calibration including NII/SII as recently introduced by Dopita et al. Consistent with our previous results, the most massive galaxies (\(M_\ast\gtrsim10^{11}~M_\odot\)) are fully enriched, while those at lower masses have metallicities lower than local galaxies. Finally, we demonstrate that the stellar masses, metallicities and star formation rates of the FMOS sample are well fit with a physically-motivated model for the chemical evolution of star-forming galaxies.
We study the large time fluctuations of entropy production in Markov processes. In particular, we consider the effect of a coarse-graining procedure which decimates {\em fast states} with respect to ...a given time threshold. Our results provide strong evidence that entropy production is not directly affected by this decimation, provided that it does not entirely remove loops carrying a net probability current. After the study of some examples of random walks on simple graphs, we apply our analysis to a network model for the kinesin cycle, which is an important biomolecular motor. A tentative general theory of these facts, based on Schnakenberg's network theory, is proposed.
Fish from western Lake Superior (1972-73) contained DDT and PCB residues at concentrations greater than o.1 ppm. The most predominant PCB's were those containing 3 to 6 chlorine atoms per molecule, ...and GLC data indicated that the mixtures were most like the commercial product Aroclor 1254(2). Other chlorinated contiminants identified by GC/MS analyses and occurring at concentrations less than 0.1 ppm were hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6), chlordane, nonaclor, and dieldrin. Lindane, which has been previously reported in Lake Superior, was below the detection limit of approximately 0.01 ppm. The relationship between the size of lake trout and the concentration of total DDT in the fish was compared to measurements reported in previous studies. The comparison suggests that DDT residues have declined since 1968. The concentration of PCBs was estimated to be 0.8 ng/L in Lake Superior water and 0.1 ppm in large zooplankton. The apparent bioconcentration factor for PCBs in Lake Superior fish ranged from 10(5) to 10(6). The concentration of total DDT and PCBs in the larger Lake Superior fish exceeded the 5 ppm tolerance level established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for these chemicals in fish tbe used for human consumption.
