This research is about the study of New Testament text criticism. Through this research, the importance of this study in the exegesis of the New Testament is put forward. Thus making text criticism a ...step that every interpreter must carry out. The main reasons for text-critical studies to be carried out are the damage to the original manuscripts of the New Testament, and the available copies contain so many variants. By using qualitative research methods or, more precisely, literature review, several research results were found related to this research topic. Text-critical studies help interpreters select texts or variants much closer to the damaged versions of the original NT texts to be used as reference texts in the exegesis studies conducted. The study of text criticism helps every interpreter to carry out a scientific interpretation but does not set aside its authority and authority as the revealed Word of God. Finally, through the study of New Testament text criticism, interpreters are taught to build their texts so that any result of the resulting interpretation is no longer in doubt, both in terms of the textual aspect and the theology produced.
This study discusses the analysis and evaluation of Thomas Aquinas's view of the "image of God". Through qualitative research with a literature review approach, the following conclusions are obtained ...Aquinas's view of God's image is very unbiblical. Because it is more inclined to the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. This is a characteristic of scholastic group theology. Because scholastic theologians tend to place ratios more dominant in theology than the Bible. Furthermore, the image of God carried by humans is not only in the ratio but in the totality of human existence in the earth as God's representative. The image of God in humans experiences severe damage after the fall of man in sin. The ratio is no better than the body. In other words, all parts of human beings, whether spirit, ratio, morals, body, when created in a noble or very good state. This rejects Aquinas's view that there are inferior forces. Finally, through this research, we want to stress that the image of the true God is in Christ. This has the effect that it is only through Christ that the image of God that has been badly damaged can be repaired.
In this paper, we propose a new mammogram classification scheme to classify the breast tissues as normal or abnormal. Feature matrix is generated using Local Binary Pattern to all the detailed ...coefficients from 2D-DWT of the region of interest (ROI) of a mammogram. Feature selection is done by selecting the relevant features that affect the classification. Feature selection is used to reduce the dimensionality of data and features that are not relevant, in this paper the F-test and Ttest will be performed to the results of the feature extraction dataset to reduce and select the relevant feature. The best features are used in a Neural Network classifier for classification. In this research we use MIAS and DDSM database. In addition to the suggested scheme, the competent schemes are also simulated for comparative analysis. It is observed that the proposed scheme has a better say with respect to accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. Based on experiments, the performance of the proposed scheme can produce high accuracy that is 92.71%, while the lowest accuracy obtained is 77.08%.
Indonesia’s e-commerce development, with growth forecast of up to USD 300 billion by 2020, encourages many e-commerce companies to create new value in their products/services. Opportunities for ...e-commerce start-up collaboration programs increase the opportunities for e-commerce to grow. In e-commerce, decision-making for collaborations tends to be intuitive, centralized, and does not use strategic management tools. This study aims to identify critical factors as the main consideration in collaborative decision-making between e-commerce companies and partners. The study was conducted by developing a questionnaire for decision-makers in e-commerce collaborations. The study used the TOE framework, AHP, and TOPSIS methods. As part of the research’s object, the payment method was chosen for an e-commerce company collaborative program. Based on the criteria identified against the existing framework, there are 11 critical factors. The top three criteria are (1) networks and cooperation, (2) management commitment, and (3) knowledge and expertise in digital business. Based on the TOE framework, the main priority is the provision of e-wallet payment methods, which can be done by adding service providers. While research is limited as to the factors’ priority, future studies are suggested to select other collaborative programs or develop a collaborative strategy framework.
Summary
Retrofitting depleted oil wells to extract geothermal energy is considered as one of the promising proposals to extend the overall economic life of oil and gas well. For successful ...implementation of this initiative, a comprehensive overview covering all aspects of geothermal energy extraction from abandoned oil well should be taken into account including technical, economic considerations as well as regulations and policies of respective local governments. Unfortunately, most reported studies have been focused only on one or two aspects, primarily on technical and economic aspects. Little or no study has focused on the policy sector. Moreover, these findings have been scattered, creating difficulties to extract essential information and dragging further development of the technology. This paper is therefore prepared with the objective to provide a comprehensive overview on the geothermal energy extraction from abandoned oil well, technical challenges in its implementation, economical consideration on the conversion of the well and government policy on energy especially geothermal energy and regulation on the utilization of abandoned oil well. To achieve this objective, extensive literature reviews are conducted with more attention given to recent studies on the field. Challenges on the development of this technology are discussed from technical, economic, and policy perspectives. Based on the identified challenges, required research and development as well as necessary policies for further advancement of this technology are outlined and discussed. By providing this comprehensive information, this review paper may serve as a good foundation and guidelines on the conversion of abandoned oil wells into geothermal energy wells.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Low students’ interest in reading has an impact on their low knowledge. Teaching materials need to be presented in an interesting way to attract students’ interest in reading. The aim of ...this study is to identify problems and needs of students and science teachers related to teaching materials in the form of comics. The type of this research is a survey. The questionnaire was filled out by 141 junior high school students and 8 science teachers from 4 different schools. The analysis technique used was descriptive analysis. The results of this study show that most students like reading comics and are interested in using them as one of the teaching materials for science subjects. The frequency of students reading the usual teaching materials is not very high. This is also supported by the statement of science teachers who say that students’ interest in reading the usual textbooks is moderate to low. Therefore, teaching materials need to be presented in a more attractive form for children. Children find it easier to understand the material with accompanying illustrations. Regarding science literacy competence, the existing teaching materials have not supported this competence well.
Summary
Carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is one of the promising negative emission technologies (NET). Within various CCUS routes available, CO2 conversion into fuels is one of ...the attractive options. Currently, most of CO2 conversion into fuels requires hydrogen, which is expensive and consume large energy to produce. Hence, a different route of producing fuel from CO2 by utilizing 1,4‐butanediol as the raw material is proposed and evaluated in this study. This alternative route comprises production of levulinic acid from the reaction between CO2 and 1,4‐butanediol and production of ethyl levulinate, an alternative biofuel and biofuel additive, via an esterification reaction of levulinic acid with ethanol. The process is designed and simulated according to the available data and evaluated in terms of its technical features. Because of the unavailability of reaction data for synthesis of levulinic acid from 1,4‐butanediol and CO2, several assumptions were taken, which may implicate the accuracy of the studied design. This technical evaluation is followed by cost estimations and sensitivity analysis. Because of the free CO2, the profitability of the plant depends strongly on the prices of the other chemicals and the price difference between 1,4‐butanediol (raw material) and ethyl levulinate (product). Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the proposed plant will always be profitable if the ethyl levulinate is slightly more expensive than the 1,4‐butanediol, highlighting that the process of producing ethyl levulinate from CO2 is economically profitable. Future research should be directed towards a catalytic system that can effectively convert CO2 into levulinic acid, by‐products produced from the two reaction steps, and reduce the excess ethanol used in the second reaction.
Ethyl levulinate production from CO2 and 1,4‐butanediol serves as an alternative approach for carbon utilization. Monte Carlo simulation on the proposed process indicates that the process will always be profitable if the ethyl levulinate is slightly more expensive than the 1,4‐butanediol. Future research should be directed towards catalytic system which can effectively convert CO2 into levulinic acid and reduce the excess ethanol used in the second reaction.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Electrospun nanofiber membrane (NFM) has a high potential to be applied as a filter for produced water treatment due to its highly porous structure and great permeability. However, it faces fouling ...issues and has low mechanical properties, which reduces the performance and lifespan of the membrane. NFM has a low integrity and the fine mat easily detaches from the sheet. In this study, nylon 6,6 was selected as the polymer since it offers great hydrophilicity. In order to increase mechanical strength and separation performance of NFM, solvent vapor treatment was implemented where the vapor induces the fusion of fibers. The fabricated nylon 6,6 NFMs were treated with different exposure times of formic acid vapor. Results show that solvent vapor treatment helps to induce the fusion of overlapping fibers. The optimum exposure time for solvent vapor is 5 h to offer full retention of dispersed oil (100% of oil rejection), has 62% higher in tensile strength (1950 MPa) compared to untreated nylon 6,6 NFM (738 MPa), and has the final permeability closest to the untreated nylon 6,6 NFM (733 L/m
.h.bar). It also took more time to get fouled (220 min) compared to untreated NFM (160 min).
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Cavity-nesting birds lay eggs and raise chicks within their nest inside the cavities. The existence of cavity-nesting birds in nature has important ecological roles. This study aimed to ...identify and analyze cavity-nesting bird species in the tropical lowland forest patches, particularly in Bogor, West Java Province, Indonesia. The study was conducted in the forested area within the Dramaga Experimental Forest and the Dramaga Campus of IPB University. The cavity-nesting bird species were observed during September – December 2020 and September – December 2021. Each cavity-nesters observed was classified based on how to make and utilize the nesting site (i.e., primary excavator, facultative excavator, non-excavator) and their nest locations (i.e., nesting in the trees or other locations). We observed 12 cavity-nesters in the study area, consisting of 4 primary excavators, 2 facultative excavators, 3 non-excavators in the trees, and 3 non-excavators in the riverbanks. Cavity-nesting bird richness in the Dramaga Campus (12 species) was higher than in the Dramaga Experimental Forest (9 species). This study revealed that the two study areas still provide suitable habitats for cavity-nesting birds. Therefore, it is essential to maintain the presence of cavity-nesting birds and their habitat by initiating conservation efforts, such as habitat management, strengthening conservation actions and policies, and increasing public awareness.
The goal of this study is to analyse the travelogues of Protestant evangelists in Wonogiri, a topic so far barely touched upon. Despite being a predominantly Muslim community, Wonogiri was one of the ...areas in the principalities of Surakarta targeted by the zending. Therefore, this study explores various aspects, including the purpose behind the visits of Protestant missionaries, the discourses presented in the travelogues, and the perspectives of these evangelists on the belief system prevalent in the community in the early twentieth century. Based on several travel accounts, this research utilizes a critical discourse analysis approach. The evangelists built a discourse which intertwined Christianity and identity discourse. The narratives reveal stark differences between the abangan communities and the stricter Muslims identified as putihan. The indigenous people who embraced Protestantism were perceived as the chosen ones, while those who remained unconverted were considered as the others. This reality highlights the inherent European-Christian perspective adopted by the travelogue writers.
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