Many empirical studies have been conducted to investigate self-regulated learning (SRL) in the Western countries. Less well investigated is the SRL in the Chinese Mainland students and how it affects ...their academic achievement. On the basis of PISA 2009, this paper is aimed at exploring the SRL of 15-year-old Shanghai students, as measured by cognitive strategy (elaboration and memorization), metacognition (metacognition in understanding and remembering, metacognition in summarizing, and control strategy), and motivational belief (enjoyment of reading). In the aspect of SRL nature, the results reveal that 15-year-old students in Shanghai use elaboration strategy frequently and seldom use memorization strategy, and that they have high metacognition in understanding, remembering, and summarizing but have low control strategy, and that their enjoyment of reading is relatively high. In the aspect of SRL's consequence for reading literacy, findings from multilevel linear regression corroborate previous evidence from the Western countries about the effect of SRL on academic achievement. Specifically, elaboration strategy, metacognition in understanding and remembering, metacognition in summarizing, control strategy, and enjoyment of reading are conducive to students' reading literacy, while memorization strategy exerts a significantly negative effect on reading literacy. The findings could be useful in helping us to gain a better understanding of Shanghai students' SRL.
Research in convective heat transfer using suspensions of nanometer-sized solid particles in base liquids started only over the past decade. Recent investigations on nanofluids, as such suspensions ...are often called, indicate that the suspended nanoparticles markedly change the transport properties and heat transfer characteristics of the suspension. This review summarizes recent research on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in forced and free convection flows and identifies opportunities for future research.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Background
The present study aims to investigate the prognostic role of systematic inflammatory and nutritional indexes in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) treated with first-line ...chemotherapy and atezolizumab.
Materials and methods
Prospective cohort population involving 53 patients were identified from NCT03041311 trial. The following peripheral blood-derived inflammatory and nutritional indexes, including neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte–monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), prognostic nutrition index (PNI), advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI), and lung immune prognostic index (LIPI) were evaluated.
Results
The optimal cut-off values of the ALI, LMR, NLR, PLR, PNI, SII and SIRI were 323.23, 2.73, 2.57, 119.23, 48, 533.28 and 2.32, respectively. With a median follow-up of 17.1 months, the 1-year OS and PFS were 56% and 8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that PLR was the only independent prognostic factors for OS among ES-SCLC patients treated with chemotherapy and atezolizumab (HR 4.63, 95%CI: 1.00–21.46,
p
= 0.05). K-M analysis showed that the OS and PFS for patients with high PLR (> 119.23) were significantly poorer than these with low PLR (≤ 119.23) (
p
= 0.0004 for OS and
p
= 0.014 for PFS). In external validation set, prognosis of patients with high PLR was also significantly poorer than these with low PLR in terms of OS (
p
= 0.038) and PFS (
p
= 0.028).
Conclusion
Pre-treatment PLR could serve as a valuable independent prognostic factor for ES-SCLC who receive chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Further, prospective studies are still needed to confirm our findings.
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EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has hugely impacted the world and becomes a global public threat. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, human activities are largely restricted in China ...in early February, 2020. The influence of strict COVID-19 control policies on air quality and the potential influence of particulate matter concentration on COVID-19 infection in China are of great interest. This study analyzes the concentrations of six major air pollutants in 366 urban areas across mainland China during January 1 to April 30 in 2017-2020. Results show that strict COVID-19 control policies have significantly improved the air quality in many provinces. Compared to 2019, national mean concentrations of PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_2 and CO in 2020 decrease by 14%, 15%, 12%, 16% and 12%, respectively, while the concentration of O_3 increases by 9%. Generally, the diurnal variation of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations remains unchanged during COVID-19 and their concentrations are high in the morning and evening while low in the afternoon. Correlation analysis shows that daily COVID- 19 infections are positively correlated with PM_(2.5) concentration in many provinces, indicating a potential risk of aerosol transmission in high PM_(2.5) environment. Thus it is suggested to stay at home in highly polluted days and go out in the afternoon to reduce the risk of infection due to aerosol transmission.
Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) is currently a most potential and popular polymeric material, which will play a key role in building of a sustainable bioeconomy. Knowledge of biodegradation of PLA is crucial ...for treating plastic wastes and easing the serious energy crisis. The biodegradability of PLA based on microorganisms (actinomycetes, bacteria, fungus) and biochemical processes of degradation have been advanced in recent years, but the high efficient methods of PLA biodegradation are still inadequately addressed. With the development of the modern molecular biological techniques, some studies have detected specific groups of microorganisms involved in the biodegradation process of PLA. Nevertheless, few studies were conducted to establish the simulated system based on aerobic biodegradation of PLA due to the lack of available information on process parameters. In this review, PLA is treated according to its synthesis mechanisms, applications, biochemical processes in degradation, degrading microorganisms and enzymes. In addition, the simulated system based on aerobic microorganism is also presented for acceleration of PLA degradation.
•Biochemical processes of PLA degradation were analyzed for a better development of environmental biotechnology.•The main PLA-degrading microorganisms were classified.•Exploration of enzymes and their families involved in PLA degradation provided more information for the catalytic mechanism.•The simulated system of PLA biodegradation was proposed as a bridge between laboratory and engineering.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a class of lysine deacylases that regulate cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. Although sirtuins have been proposed to function in nutrient sensing and signaling, the ...underlying mechanism remains elusive. SIRT7, a histone H3K18‐specific deacetylase, epigenetically controls mitochondria biogenesis, ribosomal biosynthesis, and DNA repair. Here, we report that SIRT7 is methylated at arginine 388 (R388), which inhibits its H3K18 deacetylase activity. Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) directly interacts with and methylates SIRT7 at R388 in vitro and in vivo. R388 methylation suppresses the H3K18 deacetylase activity of SIRT7 without modulating its subcellular localization. PRMT6‐induced H3K18 hyperacetylation at SIRT7‐target gene promoter epigenetically promotes mitochondria biogenesis and maintains mitochondria respiration. Moreover, high glucose enhances R388 methylation in mouse fibroblasts and liver tissue. PRMT6 signals glucose availability to SIRT7 in an AMPK‐dependent manner. AMPK induces R388 hypomethylation by disrupting the association between PRMT6 and SIRT7. Together, PRMT6‐induced arginine methylation of SIRT7 coordinates glucose availability with mitochondria biogenesis to maintain energy homeostasis. Our study uncovers the regulatory role of SIRT7 arginine methylation in glucose sensing and mitochondria biogenesis.
Synopsis
PRMT6 methylates and thereby inhibits SIRT7, which epigenetically promotes mitochondria biogenesis and connects it to glucose availability in an AMPK‐dependent manner.
PRMT6 methylates SIRT7 at R388 to suppress its H3K18 deacetylase activity.
PRMT6 modulates SIRT7 methylation in an AMPK‐dependent manner.
SIRT7 methylation connects glucose sensing with mitochondria biogenesis.
PRMT6 methylates and thereby inhibits SIRT7, which epigenetically promotes mitochondria biogenesis and connects it to glucose availability in an AMPK‐dependent manner.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Catalytic asymmetric Tsuji-Trost benzylation is a promising strategy for the preparation of chiral benzylic compounds. However, only a few such transformations with both good yields and ...enantioselectivities have been achieved since this reaction was first reported in 1992, and its use in current organic synthesis is restricted. In this work, we use N-unprotected amino acid esters as nucleophiles in reactions with benzyl alcohol derivatives. A ternary catalyst comprising a chiral aldehyde, a palladium species, and a Lewis acid is used to promote the reaction. Both mono- and polycyclic benzyl alcohols are excellent benzylation reagents. Various unnatural optically active α-benzyl amino acids are produced in good-to-excellent yields and with good-to-excellent enantioselectivities. This catalytic asymmetric method is used for the formal synthesis of two somatostatin mimetics and the proposed structure of natural product hypoestestatin 1. A mechanism that plausibly explains the stereoselective control is proposed.
Conspectus The development of catalytic activation modes provides a reliable and effective platform for designing new enantioselective reactions and preparing chiral molecules with diverse ...structures. Chiral aldehyde catalysis is an attractive concept in asymmetric catalysis, which utilizes a chiral aldehyde catalyst to promote the asymmetric hydroamination of allylic amines, the asymmetric α-functionalization of primary amines, or the asymmetric transamination of α-keto esters. Typically, the chiral aldehyde-catalyzed asymmetric α-functionalization of primary amines provides an efficient and straightforward method for the synthesis of α-functionalized chiral amines, which does not require any additional protection or deprotection manipulations of the amine group. However, achieving catalytic stereoselective transformations with high efficiency and enantioselectivity by this strategy has remained an intractable challenge. This Account summarizes our endeavors in the development and application of chiral aldehyde catalysis. Using a chiral aldehyde as a catalyst, we reported the catalytic asymmetric α-C alkylation of 2-aminomalonate with 3-indolylmethanol in 2014, which represents the first chiral aldehyde-catalyzed asymmetric α-functionalization of an activated primary amine. Subsequently, several axially chiral aldehyde catalysts were continuously prepared by using chiral BINOL as the starting material, and their applications in asymmetric synthesis were explored. On the one hand, they were used as organocatalysts to realize the various transformations of α-amino acid esters, such as asymmetric 1,4-addition toward conjugated enones/α,β-unsaturated diesters and cyclic 1-azadienes as well as asymmetric α-arylation/allylation and benzylation with corresponding halohydrocarbons. Notably, taking advantage of the difference in the distribution of catalytic sites between two chiral aldehyde catalysts, we disclosed chiral aldehyde-catalyzed diastereodivergent 1,6-conjugated addition and Mannich reactions. On the other hand, the potential for the cooperative catalysis of a chiral aldehyde with a transition metal has also been demonstrated. Enabled by the combination of a chiral aldehyde, a palladium complex, and a Lewis acid, the enantioselective α-allylation of amino acid esters with allyl alcohol esters was established. Moreover, the ternary catalytic system has been successfully used for the α-functionalization of amino acid esters with 1,3-dienes, allenes, allenylic alcohol esters, 1,3-disubstituted allyl alcohol esters, and arylmethanol esters as well as the asymmetric cascade Heck-alkylation reaction. The combination of a chiral aldehyde and nickel complex allows for the asymmetric α-propargylation of amino acid esters with propargylic alcohol esters and provides excellent enantioselectivities. These transformations provide a large library of optically active amines and amino acids. With those chiral amino acid esters as key building blocks, the synthesis or formal synthesis of multiple natural products and biologically significant unnatural molecules was accomplished. This includes the stereodivergent synthesis of natural pyrrolizidine alkaloid NP25302 and the formal synthesis of natural product (S)-hypoestestatin 1 and manzacidin C, clinical candidate compound (+)-AG-041R, and somatostatin mimetics. It is fully anticipated that chiral aldehyde catalysis will soon witness rapid expansion both in the development of novel asymmetric transformations and in innovative applications for constructing optically active nitrogen-containing molecules with significant values.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
We present an iridium and Brønsted acid co-catalyzed enantioselective formal 4+2 cycloaddition reaction of cyclic enamides with 2-(1-hydroxyallyl)phenols. This method yields a wide range of
...-unsubstituted spiro-
,
-ketals, with good efficiency (up to 94%) and excellent enantioselectivities (most >95% ee). The protocol features easy scale-up and facile product derivatization.
Objective
Due to the phenotypic heterogeneity and etiological complexity of bipolar disorder (BD), many patients do not respond well to the current medications, and developing novel effective ...treatment is necessary. Whether any BD genome‐wide association study (GWAS) risk genes were targets of existing drugs or novel drugs that can be repurposed in the clinical treatment of BD is a hot topic in the GWAS era of BD.
Methods
A list of 425 protein‐coding BD risk genes was distilled through the BD GWAS, and 4479 protein‐coding druggable targets were retrieved from the druggable genome. The overlapped genes/targets were subjected to further analyses in DrugBank, Pharos, and DGIdb datasets in terms of their FDA status, mechanism of action and primary indication, to identify their potential for repurposing.
Results
We identified 58 BD GWAS risk genes grouped as the druggable targets, and several genes were given higher priority. These BD risk genes were targets of antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, calcium channel antagonists, as well as anxiolytics and analgesics, either existing clinically‐approved drugs for BD or the drugs than can be repurposed for treatment of BD in the future. Those genes were also likely relevant to BD pathophysiology, as many of them encode ion channel, ion transporter or neurotransmitter receptor, or the mice manipulating those genes are likely to mimic the phenotypes manifest in BD patients.
Conclusions
This study identifies several targets that may facilitate the discovery of novel treatments in BD, and implies the value of conducting GWAS into clinical translation.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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