Both dissipation and dispersion are present in many complex systems; their interactions through nonlinearity can lead to interesting features. We investigate in this paper the dissipation-dispersion ...interactions that exist in lattice-based kinetic models for hydrodynamics. The classical Chapman-Enskog expansion is used to derive the dispersion coefficients at third order of Knudsen number. Unlike the dissipation coefficient (viscosity) that is always positive, the dispersion coefficient can be either positive or negative. It would be interesting to know if there is any other physics in these models as compared with the traditional dispersionless Navier-Stokes dynamics. Traveling wave solutions in one dimension are studied and two different solutions have been found: (1) monotonic shock solutions and (2) oscillatory shock solutions, according to different conditions. In two- and three-dimensional systems, whether or not these oscillatory behaviors caused by the interactions between nonlinearity, dissipation, and dispersion have anything to do with vortex cascades (direct or inverse) would be an interesting question and we leave it for future studies. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
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In this paper two series of Fe—Si/Pd multilayers are made by rf sputtering and studied by vibrating sample magnetometry and electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. For Fe—Si/Pd (5.4 nm) ...multilayers with increasing Fe—Si layer thickness, the saturation magnetization Ms decreases. This is an evidence of the spin‐polarization of Pd atoms. An interlayer coupling is confirmed to exist by spin wave modes in Fe—Si (1.5 nm)/Pd multilayers with Pd layer thickness dpd ⩽ 7.2 nm, except for dpd = 1.8 nm. For dpd = 1.8 nm no interlayer coupling occurs, and both the saturation magnetization Ms and the effective magnetization 4πMeff have a minimum. The resonance linewidth ΔH changes correspondingly with the effective magnetization as a function of dpd and has a maximum at dpd of 1.8 nm.
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(100)‐oriented GaSb crystalline wafers were implanted by 2 MeV N+ ions with doses from 1 × 1013 to 1 × 1015 cm−2. The radiation damage was characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and ...Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in combination with channeling (RBS/C). The critical dose between 1 × 1014 and 3 × 1014 cm−2 was determined. The SE data were fitted with the effective medium approximation (EMA) model, and RBS/C data were analyzed by numerical integration. Both give coinciding quantitative knowledge on the radiation damage.
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Plant mechanical strength is an important agronomic trait. To understand the molecular mechanism that controls the plant mechanical strength of crops, we characterized the classic rice mutant brittle ...culm1 (bc1) and isolated BC1 using a map-based cloning approach. BC1, which encodes a COBRA-like protein, is expressed mainly in developing sclerenchyma cells and in vascular bundles of rice. In these types of cells, mutations in BC1 cause not only a reduction in cell wall thickness and cellulose content but also an increase in lignin level, suggesting that BC1, a gene that controls the mechanical strength of monocots, plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the cell walls of mechanical tissues.
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Although the link between inflammation and cancer initiation is well established, its role in metastatic diseases, the primary cause of cancer deaths, has been poorly explored. Our previous studies ...identified a population of metastasis-associated macrophages (MAMs) recruited to the lung that promote tumor cell seeding and growth. Here we show that FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt1, also known as VEGFR1) labels a subset of macrophages in human breast cancers that are significantly enriched in metastatic sites. In mouse models of breast cancer pulmonary metastasis, MAMs uniquely express FLT1. Using several genetic models, we show that macrophage FLT1 signaling is critical for metastasis. FLT1 inhibition does not affect MAM recruitment to metastatic lesions but regulates a set of inflammatory response genes, including colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), a central regulator of macrophage biology. Using a gain-of-function approach, we show that CSF1-mediated autocrine signaling in MAMs is downstream of FLT1 and can restore the tumor-promoting activity of FLT1-inhibited MAMs. Thus, CSF1 is epistatic to FLT1, establishing a link between FLT1 and inflammatory responses within breast tumor metastases. Importantly, FLT1 inhibition reduces tumor metastatic efficiency even after initial seeding, suggesting that these pathways represent therapeutic targets in metastatic disease.
IMPORTANCE: Among all subtypes of breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer has a relatively high relapse rate and poor outcome after standard treatment. Effective strategies to reduce the risk of ...relapse and death are needed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of low-dose capecitabine maintenance after standard adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized clinical trial conducted at 13 academic centers and clinical sites in China from April 2010 to December 2016 and final date of follow-up was April 30, 2020. Patients (n = 443) had early-stage triple-negative breast cancer and had completed standard adjuvant chemotherapy. INTERVENTIONS: Eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to receive capecitabine (n = 222) at a dose of 650 mg/m2 twice a day by mouth for 1 year without interruption or to observation (n = 221) after completion of standard adjuvant chemotherapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was disease-free survival. Secondary end points included distant disease-free survival, overall survival, locoregional recurrence-free survival, and adverse events. RESULTS: Among 443 women who were randomized, 434 were included in the full analysis set (mean SD age, 46 9.9 years; T1/T2 stage, 93.1%; node-negative, 61.8%) (98.0% completed the trial). After a median follow-up of 61 months (interquartile range, 44-82), 94 events were observed, including 38 events (37 recurrences and 32 deaths) in the capecitabine group and 56 events (56 recurrences and 40 deaths) in the observation group. The estimated 5-year disease-free survival was 82.8% in the capecitabine group and 73.0% in the observation group (hazard ratio HR for risk of recurrence or death, 0.64 95% CI, 0.42-0.95; P = .03). In the capecitabine group vs the observation group, the estimated 5-year distant disease-free survival was 85.8% vs 75.8% (HR for risk of distant metastasis or death, 0.60 95% CI, 0.38-0.92; P = .02), the estimated 5-year overall survival was 85.5% vs 81.3% (HR for risk of death, 0.75 95% CI, 0.47-1.19; P = .22), and the estimated 5-year locoregional recurrence-free survival was 85.0% vs 80.8% (HR for risk of locoregional recurrence or death, 0.72 95% CI, 0.46-1.13; P = .15). The most common capecitabine-related adverse event was hand-foot syndrome (45.2%), with 7.7% of patients experiencing a grade 3 event. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among women with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer who received standard adjuvant treatment, low-dose capecitabine maintenance therapy for 1 year, compared with observation, resulted in significantly improved 5-year disease-free survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01112826
Control of tillering in rice Li, Jiayang; Li, Xueyong; Qian, Qian ...
Nature (London),
04/2003, Volume:
422, Issue:
6932
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Rice tiller is a specialized ...grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots. Rice tillering occurs in a two-stage process: the formation of an axillary bud at each leaf axil and its subsequent outgrowth. Although the morphology and histology and some mutants of rice tillering have been well described, the molecular mechanism of rice tillering remains to be elucidated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of MONOCULM 1 (MOC1), a gene that is important in the control of rice tillering. The moc1 mutant plants have only a main culm without any tillers owing to a defect in the formation of tiller buds. MOC1 encodes a putative GRAS family nuclear protein that is expressed mainly in the axillary buds and functions to initiate axillary buds and to promote their outgrowth.
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Array-based sensing methods offer significant advantages in the simultaneous detection of multiple amyloid biomarkers and thus have great potential for diagnosing early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. ...Yet, detecting low concentrations of amyloids remains exceptionally challenging. Here, we have developed a fluorescent sensor array based on the dual coupling of a nanoenzyme (AuNPs) and bioenzyme (horseradish peroxidase) to detect amyloids. Various ss-DNAs were bound to the nanoenzyme for regulating enzymatic activity and recognizing amyloids. A simplified sensor array was generated from a screening model via machine learning algorithms and achieved signal amplification through a two-step enzymatic reaction. As a result, our sensing system could discriminate the aggregation species and aggregation kinetics at 200 nM with 100% accuracy. Moreover, AD model mice and healthy mice were distinguished with 100% accuracy through the sensor array, providing a powerful sensing platform for diagnosing AD.
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Human breast cancer is one of the most frequent cancer diseases and causes of death among female population worldwide. It appears at a high incidence and has a high malignancy, mortality, recurrence ...rate and poor prognosis. Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is the main component of caveolae and participates in various biological events. More and more experimental studies have shown that Cav1 plays a critical role in the progression of breast cancer including cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, invasion, migration and breast cancer metastasis. Besides, Cav1 has been found to be involved in chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy resistance, which are still the principal problems encountered in clinical breast cancer treatment. In addition, stromal Cav1 may be a potential indicator for breast cancer patients' prognosis. In the current review, we cover the state-of-the-art study, development and progress on Cav1 and breast cancer, altogether describing the role of Cav1 in breast cancer progression and application in clinical treatment, in the hope of providing a basis for further research and promoting
gene as a potential target to diagnose and treat aggressive breast cancers.
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