•A novel, high-capacity, reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted image is proposed.•Classification for encrypted blocks is conducted based on RLC pre-processing.•RLC and LSB compression are used ...to vacate room from two types of encrypted blocks.•Progressive decryption is applied to obtain better quality of direct-decrypted image.•Coding length judgment and hash authentication guarantee accuracy of image recovery.
In this paper, a high-capacity reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted image with separable capability is proposed. In order to mask image contents, original image is first encrypted in a blockwise manner based on stream cipher with the encryption key. By the pre-processing of run-length coding (RLC) incorporating with Huffman coding, all encrypted blocks are categorized into two sets according to their encoded lengths. Then, the data hider conducts data embedding for the two types of blocks through different mechanisms and the data-hiding key. For the blocks with shorter encoded lengths, their pixel differences are compressed by RLC; for the blocks with longer encoded lengths, matrix compression is conducted on LSB layers. Thus, a large amount of spare room is vacated to embed length bits, compressed bits, hash bits, location-map bits and additional bits. On the receiver side, through a progressive decryption process, a directly-decrypted image similar with the original image can be obtained with the encryption key; through bit parsing, the embedded additional bits can be correctly extracted with the data-hiding key. With both the two keys, besides direct decryption and data extraction, the blocks of the first type can be recovered by RLC decoding, and the blocks of the second type can be recovered with the assist of coding length judgment and hash authentication. Experimental results demonstrate that, our scheme can generally achieve better performances, including higher embedding rate and better visual quality of the direct-decrypted image and the final recovered image, than some of the state-of-the-art schemes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Wave energy has drawn much attention as an achievable way to exploit the renewable energy. At present, in order to enhance the wave energy extraction, most efforts have been concentrated on ...optimizing the wave energy convertor and the power take-off system mechanically and electrically. However, focusing the wave power in specific wave field could also be an alternative to improve the wave energy extraction. In this experimental study, the Bragg resonance effect is applied to focus the wave energy. Because the Bragg resonance effect of the rippled bottom largely amplifies the wave reflection, leading to a significant increase of wave focusing. Achieved with an energy conversion system consisting of a point absorber and a permanent magnet single phase linear motor, the wave energy extracted in the wave flume with and without Bragg resonance effect was measured and compared quantitatively in experiment. It shows that energy extraction by a point absorber from a standing wave field resulted from Bragg resonance effect can be remarkably increased compared with that from a propagating wave field (without Bragg resonance effect).
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•The immunogenicity of hemagglutinin (HA) of newly emerged influenza A virus H7N9 need to be known.•Inactivated whole-virion containing HA and NA of H7N9 in the PR8 background was evaluated.•Antibody ...titers were assessed in different doses of HA alone, or with alum, and/or with a booster.•Immunization could produce neutralizing antibodies in mice and rhesus macaques.•Mice received sera from immunized animals could be protected from lethal challenge of H7N9 virus.
We evaluated the immunogenicity of hemagglutinin (HA) in the context of inactivated H7N9/AH/1/13-PR8 whole-virion. At 4weeks after immunization with 15μg HA, mice produced hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers of 1:192 and neutralizing antibodies of 1:317. Aluminum hydroxide (alum), or a booster immunization, or both increased HI to 1:768, 1:384, 1:896 and neutralizing antibodies to 1:1868, 1:2302, 1:10,000, respectively. Macaques generated HI of 1:190 or 1:360 and virus neutralizing titers of 1:280 or 1:658 at 3weeks after immunization with HA alone or with alum. Sera from immunized mice and macaques protected mice from infection of A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9), suggesting an H7N9 vaccine is immunologically feasible.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
To explore the mechanism of catgut embedding at back-
points on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats based on IKK/IKB/NF-κB signaling pathway and downstream inflammatory factors.
Eighty SPF SD ...rats were selected, among them 10 rats were selected divided into a normal group (group A), and the remaining 70 rats were fed with high-fat diet to establish NASH model. At the end of 12 weeks, 10 rats were randomly selected to verify whether the model establishment was successful. Then the remaining 60 rats were randomly divided into a model group (group B), a catgut embedding at back-
points group (group C), a catgut embedding at abdominal points group (group D), an acupuncture at back-
points group (group E), a sham catgut embedding group (group F) and a western medication group (group G), 10 rats in each group. The rats in the group C were treated with catgut embedding at "Ganshu" (BL 18), "Pishu" (BL 20), "Weishu" (BL 21) and "Shenshu" (BL 23); the rats in the group D were treated with catgut embedding at "
•A robust image hashing scheme based on texture and structure features is proposed.•Textural features are extracted from DCP-coded maps through histogram composition.•Structural features are ...extracted from sampled blocks with the richest corner points.•Final hash can be acquired after data compression for texture-structure features.•Our scheme has better performances of robustness and discrimination simultaneously.
In this paper, we propose a robust image hashing scheme based on perceptual texture and structure features. Through pre-processing, the input image with arbitrary size is regularized as a secondary image to alleviate the influence of noises. Then, the encoding of dual-cross pattern (DCP) is conducted on the secondary image to produce two coded maps representing textural information in horizontal-vertical and diagonal directions, respectively, and the DCP-based textural features can be extracted with the assist of histogram composition. On the other hand, salient structural features can be extracted from the frequency coefficients and position information of selective-sampled blocks containing the richest corner points. The final hash can be obtained after dimension reduction for the two types of extracted features. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme has better performances with respect to robustness, anti-collision, and efficiency than some of state-of-the-art schemes.
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•A CeO2-P carrier rich in oxygen vacancies was synthesized for Ni-based catalyst.•High low-temperature CO2 methanation activity and excellent stability were achieved.•The role of ...oxygen vacancies in enhancing CO2 methanation performance was revealed.
Developing efficient catalysts with superior low-temperature catalytic performance is highly promising yet challenging for CO2 methanation. Here we synthesized a nanoplate-shaped CeO2, which was rich in oxygen vacancies, as the carrier to disperse the nickel nanoparticles. The resultant catalyst (Ni/CeO2-P) showed remarkable low-temperature CO2 methanation performance with a CO2 conversion of high than 84% and 100% CH4 selectivity at a low temperature of 300 °C. A 100 h-on-stream test at 300 °C demonstrated the excellent stability of Ni/CeO2-P. Even when the WHSV rose as high as 30000 mL g−1 h−1, the Ni/CeO2-P catalyst still possessed a maximum CO2 conversion of approximately 79%. The surface characterization demonstrated that the abundant oxygen vacancies on the CeO2 nanoplates led to more amounts of NiO-CeO2 structures formed, which resulted in a stronger interaction between Ni metal and CeO2 support. This stronger NiO-CeO2 interaction was proved extraordinary in promoting the reaction performance as compared with metallic Ni. Also, by the in-situ DRIFTS technology, the reaction intermediates and possible reaction pathway were raised for CO2 methanation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•An efficient mathematical model for optimized Huffman table is constructed according to the embedding efficiency of RS.•The VLC mapping is established using both AC and DC Huffman tables.•A search ...algorithm is designed to find a feasible solution.
Lossless data hiding is a data hiding method that embeds secret data without distortion. In JPEG images, it generally refers to modifying the bitstream of the Huffman table and DCT coefficient, also known as the method of Huffman table modification. Currently, most JPEG lossless data hiding methods use coding redundancy in the default AC Huffman table. However, this preference is deficient in two ways. On the one hand, the Huffman tables of most JPEG images are optimized to save storage and increase transmission speed, causing the approach to be unavailable. In this paper, the embedding efficiency of each Run-Size (RS) has been analyzed, and an efficient mathematical model for the optimized Huffman table is established. On the other hand, current schemes tended to modify the AC Huffman table while ignoring the DC one. This is because the redundancy presented in the DC Huffman table is hard to exploit. In contrast, the modification on both optimized AC and DC Huffman tables (OAC, ODC) has been implemented in this paper. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is superior in embedding capacity, file size preservation, and complexity without distortion compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism and multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. However, the results remain conflicting. Therefore, in order ...to derive a more precise association of ApoE gene polymorphism with MS risk, we performed this meta-analysis. Systematic searches of electronic databases PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, as well as hand searching of the references of identified articles were performed. Twenty studies were identified, covering a total of 4080 MS cases and 2897 controls. The results showed evidence for significant association between ApoE ε2 mutation and MS risk (for ε2/ε4 versus ε3/ε3: OR=1.74, 95% CI=1.12–2.71, p=0.01; for ε2 allele versus ε3 allele: OR=1.16, 95% CI=1.01–1.35, p=0.04). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, the similar results were obtained among Europeans (for ε2/ε4 versus ε3/ε3: OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.14–2.87, p=0.01; for ε2 allele versus ε3 allele: OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.02–1.38, p=0.03). After excluding the outlier studies by observing Galbraith plot, marginal association was found between ApoE ε3/ε4 genotype and the protective factor for MS (for ε3/ε4 versus ε3/ε3: OR=0.86, 95% CI=0.75–0.99, p=0.04). In summary, the present meta-analysis provides evidence that ApoE ε2 mutation is associated with MS risk. In addition, ApoE ε3/ε4 genotype appears to be a protective factor for MS.
► We performed a meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship. ► Our study has the potential to detect small effects in genetic association studies. ► Our study suggests that ApoE gene polymorphism is associated with MS risk.
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Background Epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism and risk of ischemic cerebrovascular ...disease (ICVD), but the results remain inconclusive. This meta-analysis was therefore designed to clarify these controversies. Methodology/Principal Findings Systematic searches of electronic databases Embase, PubMed and Web of Science, as well as hand searching of the references of identified articles and the meeting abstracts were performed. Statistical analyses were performed using software Review Manager (Version 5.1.7) and Stata (Version 11.0). The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were performed. Fixed or random effects model was separately used depending on the heterogeneity between studies. Publication bias was tested by Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test. A total of 6 studies including 1,948 cases and 2,357 controls were combined showing no statistical evidence of association between NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism and overall ICVD (allelic model: OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.93–1.26; additive model: OR = 1.33, 95%CI = 0.81–2.17; dominant model: OR = 1.00, 95%CI = 0.86–1.15; recessive model: OR = 1.06, 95%CI = 0.77–1.45). Significant association was found in large-artery atherosclerotic stroke subgroup (allelic model: OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 0.88–1.41; additive model: OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 0.60–3.09; dominant model: OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 0.74–2.11; recessive model: OR = 2.17, 95%CI = 1.11–4.23). No statistical evidence of significant association was observed for small-vessel occlusive stroke, as well as Asian subgroup and Caucasian subgroup. Statistical powers on the combined sample size (total and subgroup) were all lower than 80%. Conclusions/Significance This meta-analysis indicates that NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism is more associated with large-artery atherosclerotic stroke than small-vessel occlusive stroke. However, this conclusion should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size. Larger sample-size studies with homogeneous ICVD patients and well-matched controls are required.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Renal dopamine D1-like receptors (D1R and D5R) and the gastrin receptor (CCKBR) are involved in the maintenance of sodium homeostasis. The D1R has been found to interact synergistically with CCKBR in ...renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells to promote natriuresis and diuresis. D5R, which has a higher affinity for dopamine than D1R, has some constitutive activity. Hence, we sought to investigate the interaction between D5R and CCKBR in the regulation of renal sodium excretion. In present study, we found D5R and CCKBR increase each other's expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in the HK-2 cell, the specificity of which was verified in HEK293 cells heterologously expressing both human D5R and CCKBR and in RPT cells from a male normotensive human. The specificity of D5R in the D5R and CCKBR interaction was verified further using a selective D5R antagonist, LE-PM436. Also, D5R and CCKBR colocalize and co-immunoprecipitate in BALB/c mouse RPTs and human RPT cells. CCKBR protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fractions of renal cortex (PMFs) is greater in D5R-/- mice than D5R+/+ littermates and D5R protein expression in PMFs is also greater in CCKBR-/- mice than CCKBR+/+ littermates. High salt diet, relative to normal salt diet, increased the expression of CCKBR and D5R proteins in PMFs. Disruption of CCKBR in mice caused hypertension and decreased sodium excretion. The natriuresis in salt-loaded BALB/c mice was decreased by YF476, a CCKBR antagonist and Sch23390, a D1R/D5R antagonist. Furthermore, the natriuresis caused by gastrin was blocked by Sch23390 while the natriuresis caused by fenoldopam, a D1R/D5R agonist, was blocked by YF476. Taken together, our findings indicate that CCKBR and D5R synergistically interact in the kidney, which may contribute to the maintenance of normal sodium balance following an increase in sodium intake.
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