•The LB methods for single-phase and solid-liquid phase-change heat transfer in porous media are reviewed.•Applications of the LB methods in single-phase and solid-liquid phase-change heat transfer ...in porous media are reviewed.•Further developments of the LB method in the related areas are outlined.
Over the past 30 years, the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method has been developed into a versatile and powerful numerical methodology for computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer. Owing to its kinetic nature, the LB method has the capability to incorporate the essential mesoscopic physics, and it is particularly successful in modeling transport phenomena involving complex boundaries and interfacial dynamics. Up to now, the LB method has achieved great success in modeling fluid flow and heat transfer in porous media. Since the LB method is inherently transient, it is especially useful for investigating transient solid-liquid phase-change processes wherein the interfacial behaviors are very important. In this article, a comprehensive review of the LB methods for single-phase and solid-liquid phase-change heat transfer in porous media at both the pore scale and representative elementary volume (REV) scale. The review first introduces the fundamental theory of the LB method for fluid flow and heat transfer. Subsequently, the REV-scale LB method for fluid flow and single-phase heat transfer in porous media and the LB method for solid-liquid phase-change heat transfer are discussed in detail. Moreover, the applications of the LB methods in single-phase and solid-liquid phase-change heat transfer in porous media are reviewed. The LB modeling and predictions of the effective thermal conductivity of porous materials are also reviewed. Finally, further developments of the LB method in the related areas are briefly discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Innovation plays a key role in economic growth. In this paper, we investigate the effects of intermediate input tariff reduction on the innovation activities of domestic firms. Input tariff reduction ...has two opposite effects on the innovation decision of a firm: it may promote innovation because the cost of innovation activities decreases, but it may also result in a decrease in innovation because foreign technologies become cheaper. We use Chinese firm-level data from 1998 to 2007, which features a drastic input tariff cut in 2002 because of China's WTO accession, and find that input tariff cut results in less innovation undertaken by Chinese firms. The findings are obtained using the difference-in-differences technique and are robust to various specifications checks of the model. We also provide a theoretical framework to generate insights to the empirical findings.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Despite the fact that high‐valent nickel‐based oxides exhibit promising catalytic activity for the urea oxidation reaction (UOR), the fundamental questions concerning the origin of the high ...performance and the structure–activity correlations remain to be elucidated. Here, we unveil the underlying enhanced mechanism of UOR by employing a series of prepared cation‐vacancy controllable LiNiO2 (LNO) model catalysts. Impressively, the optimized layered LNO‐2 exhibits an extremely low overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 along with excellent stability after the 160 h test. Operando characterisations combined with the theoretical analysis reveal the activated lattice oxygen in layered LiNiO2 with moderate cation vacancies triggers charge disproportion of the Ni site to form Ni4+ species, facilitating deprotonation in a lattice oxygen involved catalytic process.
Beginning with cation‐vacancy controllable LiNiO2, the origin of the high performance and the structure–activity correlations was studied. The results indicate that lattice oxygen activated by cation vacancies triggered charge disproportionation to form high‐activity Ni4+, resulting in facilitating deprotonation in a lattice oxygen involved catalytic process.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
ZnCo2O4 quantum dots anchored on nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (N‐CNT) retain the high catalytic activity of ZnCo2O4 to oxidize water while enabling an efficient oxygen reduction performance ...thereby combining these desirable features. These advantages realize a bifunctional catalytic activity for ZnCo2O4/N‐CNT that can be used in rechargeable zinc–air batteries.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted wide attention due to their outstanding properties of high theoretical specific capacity and energy density. However, drawbacks such as the polysulfide ...shuttle effect have hampered their further practical application. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have stimulated increasing interest in energy storage and conversion. In MOFs, the metal ions can be activated to provide open metal Lewis acid sites to restrain polysulfides. Aiming at sensible solutions, a novel manganese cluster-based MOF equipped with cubic cages, which are walled with abundant open-metal sites (OMSs) obtained from 9-manganese nodes, is used as the cathode host of Li–S batteries. The activated MOF not only provided physical capture and chemical adsorption against polysulfide shuttle but also allowed efficient impregnation of sulfur to facilitate mass transport. Benefiting from these synergetic effects, the composite cathode delivers enhanced electrochemical performance. The battery showed a remaining capacity of about 990 mA h g −1 after 200 cycles at 0.2C and an approximately repeatable rate performance. Significant contribution of the exposed functional metal sites was demonstrated by XPS and SEM of the electrode materials.
Inspired by the favorable structure and shape of golden‐toad eggs, a self‐standing macroporous active carbon fiber electrode is designed and fabricated via a facile and scalable strategy. After being ...decorated with ruthenium oxide, it endows Li–O2 batteries with superior electrochemical performances.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A flexible and wearable lithium–oxygen (air) battery inspired by Chinese bamboo slips is constructed. In this novel battery, cathodes and anodes are woven without an air diffusion layer and any outer ...packaging; besides, the woven structure allows oxygen to access the cathodes from both sides freely, endowing the battery with a record energy density of over 523 W h kg−1.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A metal-free cyclization of olefinic dicarbonyl compounds for the synthesis of various 5-halomethyl-4,5-dihydrofurans is presented. Using (diacetoxyiodo)benzene as the reaction promoter and ...halotrimethylsilane as the halogen source, the intramolecular haloenolcyclization of the 2-allyl-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds smoothly proceeded, leading to the corresponding 5-halomethyl-4,5-dihydrofurans in good to excellent isolated yields. Moreover, the resulting 5-iodomethyl products could be converted to functionalized furans in almost quantitative yields by treatment with DBU followed by acid-catalyzed rearrangement. The reactions could be carried out on a gram scale and did not require harsh reaction conditions. The good isolated yields, mild conditions, and operational simplicity make this reaction a viable method for the construction of different dihydrofuran and furan structures.
An one‐pot three‐component synthesis of benzofuran‐3(2H)‐ones with tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters from salicylaldehydes, cyclopropanols, and alkyl alcohols via Rh(III)‐catalyzed C−H/C−C bond ...activation and cascade annulation has been successfully developed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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