To study the effect of cell type-restricted hamster PrP expression on susceptibility to the hamster scrapie agent, we generated transgenic mice using a 1 kb hamster cDNA clone containing the 0.76 kb ...HPrP open reading frame under control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter. In these mice, expression of HPrP was detected only in brain tissue, with highest levels found in neurons of the cerebellu, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. These transgenic mice were susceptible to infection by the 263K strain of hamster scrapie with an average incubation period of 93 days, compared to 72 days in normal hamsters. In contrast, nontransgenic mice were not susceptible to this agent. These results indicate that neuron-specific expression of the 1 kb HPrP minigene including the HPrP open-reading frame is sufficient to mediate susceptibility to hamster scraple, and that HPrP expression in nonneuronal brain cells is not necessary to overcome the TSE species barrier.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are initiated by a novel kind of agent that produces characteristic degenerative changes in the brain without a detectable systemic inflammatory ...response or serological changes. A murine scrapie model was evaluated for changes in plasma concentration of serum amyloid P component (SAP), a protein that is up-regulated in infected and/or injured mice during the acute phase response (APR). C57BL10 and IRW mice inoculated with scrapie brain developed clinical scrapie 125–150 days later. At this time, concentration of plasma SAP increased in most of them. The SAP level increased ⩾ 3-fold in >80% of the scrapie-affected C57BL10 mice and IRW male mice. A similar increase was found in <3% of respective nonscrapie control mice. The up-regulation of mouse SAP during clinical scrapie provides evidence for the activation of a systemic APR in TSE, a serological change that may be clinically useful.
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Educational Leadership: Personal Growth for Professional Development by Harry Tomlinson, Pp. 240. London: Sage. 2004. £19.00 (pbk), £60.00 (hbk). ISBN 0-7619-6777-X (pbk), 0-7619-6776-1 (hbk).
The ...Essentials of School Leadership Edited by Brent Davies, Pp. 208. London: Paul Chapman. 2005. £19.99 (pbk), £60.00 (hbk). ISBN 1-4129-0289-4 (pbk), 1-4129-0288-6 (hbk).
Leading Teachers by Helen Gunter, Pp. 129. London: Continuum. 2005. £18.99 (pbk), £65.00 (hbk). ISBN 0-8264-6455-6 (pbk), 0-8264-6456-4 (hbk).
Leading and Managing People in Education. By Tony Bush and David Middlewood. Pp. 232. London: Sage. 2005. £19.99 (pbk), £60.00 (hbk). ISBN 0-7619-4408-7 (pbk), 0-7619-4407-9 (hbk).
What's the Good of Education? The Economics of Education in the UK. Edited by Stephen Machin and Anna Vignoles. Pp. 272. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2005. £26.95 (pbk). ISBN 0-691-11734-9 (pbk).
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45.
Reviews Race, Richard
British journal of educational studies,
12/2006, Volume:
54, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases result in aberrant metabolism of prion protein (PrP) and the accumulation of a protease-resistant, insoluble, and possibly infectious ...form of PrP, PrP-res. Studies of PrP biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking, and degradation has been studied in a variety of tissue culture cells. Pulse-chase metabolic labeling studies in scrapie-infected cells indicated that PrP-res is made posttranslationally from an apparently normal protease-sensitive precursor, PrP-sen, after the latter reaches the cell surface. Cell-free reactions have provided evidence that PrP-res itself can induce the conversion of PrP-sen to PrP-res in a highly species- and strain-specific manner. These studies have shed light on the mechanism of PrP-res formation and suggest molecular bases for TSE species barrier effects and agent strain propagation.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This article considers multicultural education policies in relation to recent political and social events in England, France and Canada. The authors start from the assumption that the promotion of ...multiculturalism is thought to be a beneficial aim in schools. In light of this, they contrast this aim with the large civil unrest witnessed in 2005 in England and France, along with a recent 2006 court decision in Canada regarding minority rights in schools. They contend that effective multicultural policies must be developed at both the state and local levels, otherwise multicultural education policies will remain superficial at best.
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Experimental and epidemiological evidence indicates that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has been transmitted to humans although the mechanism of this transmission is unknown. Hamsters and ...chickens are clinically resistant to the transmission of BSE, but we report results that raise concern over the possible long-term persistence of infectivity in such clinically resistant species and which may have implications for the control of BSE.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Prion protein (PrP) is expressed in many tissues and is required for susceptibility to scrapie and other prion diseases. To investigate the role of PrP expression in different cell types on pathology ...in retina and brain after scrapie infection, we examined transgenic mice expressing hamster PrP from the PrP promoter (tg7), the neuron-specific enolase promoter (tgNSE), or the astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (tgGFAP). After intraocular inoculation with hamster scrapie, clinical disease developed in tg7 and tgNSE mice by 100 days and in tgGFAP mice by 350 days. Astrogliosis and scrapie-associated protease-resistant PrP (PrP-res) were detected in retina and brain before clinical onset. Retinal PrP-res was present in high amounts in both tg7 and tgNSE mice, however only tg7 mice developed retinal degeneration and extensive apoptosis. In contrast, in all three lines of mice high levels of brain PrP-res accompanied by neurodegeneration were observed. Thus, PrP expression on neurons or astrocytes was sufficient for development of scrapie-induced degeneration in brain but not in retina. The combined effects of PrP-res production in multiple cell types was required to produce retinal degeneration, whereas in brain PrP-res production by neurons or astrocytes alone was sufficient to cause neuronal damage via direct or indirect mechanisms.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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