Optical frequency combs are a revolutionary light source for high-precision spectroscopy because of their narrow linewidths and precise frequency spacing. Generation of such combs in the mid-infrared ...spectral region (2-20 μm) is important for molecular gas detection owing to the presence of a large number of absorption lines in this wavelength regime. Microresonator-based frequency comb sources can provide a compact and robust platform for comb generation that can operate with relatively low optical powers. However, material and dispersion engineering limitations have prevented the realization of an on-chip integrated mid-infrared microresonator comb source. Here we demonstrate a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible platform for on-chip comb generation using silicon microresonators, and realize a broadband frequency comb spanning from 2.1 to 3.5 μm. This platform is compact and robust and offers the potential to be versatile for use outside the laboratory environment for applications such as real-time monitoring of atmospheric gas conditions.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of traction during MR arthrography of the wrist on joint space widening, cartilage visibility, and detection of tears of the triangular ...fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and intrinsic ligaments.
A prospective study included 40 wrists in 39 patients (25 men, 14 women; mean age, 35 years). MR arthrography was performed with a 3-T MRI system with and without axial traction. Two radiologists independently measured wrist and carpal joint space widths and semiquantitatively graded articular cartilage visibility. Using conventional arthrography as the reference standard and working in consensus, they assessed for the presence of tears of the TFCC, lunotriquetral ligament (LTL), and scapholunate ligament (SLL). Visibility of a tear before traction was compared with visibility after traction.
With traction, all joint spaces in the wrist and carpus were significantly widened (change, 0.15-1.01 mm; all p < 0.006). Subjective cartilage visibility of all joint spaces improved after traction (all p ≤ 0.048) except for that of the radioscaphoid space, which was well visualized even before traction. Conventional arthrography depicted 24 TFCC tears, seven LTL tears, and three SLL tears. The accuracy of tear detection improved after traction for the TFCC (98% after traction vs 83% before traction), the LTL (100% vs 88%), and the SLL (100% vs 95%). Tear visibility improved after traction for 54% of TFCC tears, 71% of LTL tears, and 66% of SLL tears.
Wrist MR arthrography with axial traction significantly improved the visibility of articular cartilage and the detection and visibility of tears of the TFCC and intrinsic ligaments. The results favor more widespread use of traction during MR arthrography of the wrist.
Peroxynitrite (ONOO
−
) is a potent reactive nitrogen species that plays a role as a critical mediator in liver injury elicited by drugs such as acetaminophen (APAP). At a therapeutic dosage, most ...APAP is metabolized by liver cells and then excreted in the urine. However, excessive APAP intake can cause an acute production of ONOO
−
, which induces mitochondrial oxidative stress and necrosis of the liver cells. Therefore, the ONOO
−
levels in hepatocytes have been considered as an early sign of hepatotoxicity associated with drug overdosage. Herein, a ratiometric theranostic system based on aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) for the visualization of ONOO
−
and reduction of drug-induced hepatotoxicity is developed. The AIEgen ATV-PPB shows a ratiometric fluorescence response from red to green upon cleavage of arylboronic ester moieties by ONOO
−
with high sensitivity and selectivity. Meanwhile, experiments reveal that ATV-PPB not only acts as a fluorescent probe for ONOO
−
but also as an intracellular ONOO
−
scavenger to reduce the hepatotoxicity under overdose APAP treatment.
A ratiometric theranostic probe, ATV-PPB, is designed to simultaneously visualize and eliminate ONOO
−
. Red emissive ATV-PPB originally on mitochondria is transformed to green emissive ATV-Py and translocated to lipid droplets after cleavage by ONOO
−
.
•Electrocardiograms and wearable devices were used to measure heart rate variability.•Persons with acquired brain injury indicated decreased heart rate variability.•Heart rate variability indices ...were correlated with functional outcomes.•These indices can be used as biomarkers of functions after acquired brain injury.•These indices enable precise monitoring of functions after acquired brain injury.
This review aimed to quantify correlations between heart rate variability (HRV) and functional outcomes after acquired brain injury (ABI). We conducted a literature search from inception to January 2020 via electronic databases, using search terms with HRV, ABI, and functional outcomes. Meta-analyses included 16 studies with 906 persons with ABI. Results demonstrated significant associations: Low frequency (LF) (r = −0.28) and SDNN (r = −0.33) with neurological function; LF (r = −0.33), High frequency (HF) (r = −0.22), SDNN (r = −0.22), and RMSSD (r = −0.23) with emotional function; and LF (r = 0.34), HF (r = 0.41 to 0.43), SDNN (r = 0.43 to 0.51), and RMSSD (r = 0.46) with behavioral function. Results indicate that higher HRV is related to better neurological, emotional, and behavioral functions after ABI. In addition, persons with stroke showed lower HF (SMD = −0.50) and SDNN (SMD = −0.75) than healthy controls. The findings support the use of HRV as a biomarker to facilitate precise monitoring of post-ABI functions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To compare the effect of traction during non-arthrographic and arthrographic MR examination of the wrist with regard to joint space width, joint fluid dispersion and cartilage surface visibility.
...Prospective 3-T MRI study of 100 wrists in 96 patients. The first 50 wrists underwent MR arthrography first without traction and then with traction. The following 50 wrists underwent standard MR first without traction and then with traction. On these examinations, two radiologists independently measured (i) joint space width, semi-quantitatively graded (ii) joint fluid dispersion between opposing cartilage surfaces and (iii) articular cartilage surface visibility. The three parameters were compared between the two groups.
Traction led to an increase in joint space width at nearly all joints in all patients (p < 0.05), although more so in the arthrography (∆ = 0.08-0.79 mm, all p < 0.05) than in the non-arthrography (∆ = 0.001-0.61 mm, all p < 0.05) group. Joint fluid dispersion and cartilage surface visibility improved after traction in nearly all joints (p < 0.05) in all patients and more so in the arthographic than in the non-arthrography group.
Traction did significantly improve cartilage surface visibility for standard MRI of the wrist although the effect was not as great as that seen with MR arthography or MR arthrography with traction. Advances in knowledge: This is the first study to show the beneficial effect of traction during standard non-arthrography MRI of the wrist and compare the effect of traction between non-arthrographic and arthrographic MRI of the wrist.
Abstract
Negative symptoms are a key treatment target in early psychosis intervention. There is a paucity of research examining longitudinal course of negative symptoms across the initial years of ...treatment for first-episode psychosis using individual-based trajectory analysis. No study has been conducted investigating differential relationships of early-stage negative symptom trajectories with long-term distal outcomes. This study examined patterns and baseline predictors of negative symptom trajectories over the first 3 years of treatment in 138 patients aged 18–55 years presenting with first-episode nonaffective psychosis, using latent class growth analysis based on symptom ratings measured at 4 different time points (baseline, 1, 2, and 3 years). We further explored prospective relationships of identified trajectory classes with functional and negative symptom outcomes at 13-year follow-up. Our results revealed 3 distinct negative symptom trajectories including minimal-stable (59.6%), mild-stable (29.4%), and high-increasing (11.0%) trajectories. Poorer premorbid adjustment, more severe global cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms at baseline were found to predict high-increasing trajectory. Among 3 trajectory classes, patients in high-increasing trajectory had the worst functional and negative symptom outcomes at 13-year follow-up, with post hoc analyses demonstrating significant outcome differences between high-increasing and minimal-stable trajectories. Our findings thus affirm a heterogeneous course of negative symptoms in first-episode psychosis and indicate that early-stage negative symptom trajectories are critically associated with long-term outcomes. Patients displaying persistently high negative symptom levels in the initial 3 years of treatment may represent a specific subgroup who necessitates an extended period of early intervention specifically targeting at negative symptoms to promote early functional recovery.
Purpose
To (i) devise a new semi-quantitative scoring system known as Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Score (ERAMRS) to assess inflammation of the wrist on magnetic resonance imaging in ...early rheumatoid arthritis and to (ii) test ERAMRS and other MR scoring systems against everyday used clinical scorings.
Materials and methods
One hundred six treatment-naïve patients (81 females, 25 males, mean age 53 ± 12 years) with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) underwent clinical/serological testing as well as 3-T MRI examination of the most symptomatic wrist. Clinical assessment included Disease Activity Score-28 and Health Assessment Questionnaire; erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were measured. MR imaging data was scored in all patients using three devised MR semi-quantitative scoring systems, namely, the (a) ERAMRS system, (b) Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (RAMRIS) system, and the (c) McQueen Score system.
Results
Synovitis was present in 106 (100%), tenosynovitis in 98 (92%), and bone marrow edema in 84 (79%) of 106 ERA wrists. ERAMRS had the highest correlation with clinical disease activity scores (
r
= 0.476,
p
< 0.001) and serological parameters (
r
= 0.562,
p
< 0.001). RAMRIS system had the lowest correlation (
r
= 0.369,
p
< 0.001 for clinical disease activity;
r
= 0.436,
p
< 0.001 for serological parameters). RAMRIS synovitis subscore had a lower correlation than ERAMRS for clinical disease activity (
r
= 0.410,
p
< 0.001) and for serological parameters (
r
= 0.456,
p
< 0.001).
Conclusion
The ERAMRS system, designed to grade inflammation on wrist MRI in ERA, provided the best correlation with all clinical scoring systems and serological parameters, indicating its improved clinical relevance over other MR scoring systems.
Key Points
•
We devised a clinically relevant, easy-to-use semi-quantitative scoring system for scoring inflammation on MRI of the wrist in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.
•
ERAMRS system showed better correlation with all clinical and serological assessment of inflammation in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis indicating its improved clinical relevance over other MR scoring systems.
The pseudomalignant nature of the placenta prompted us to search for tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation, a phenomenon widely reported in cancer, in the human placenta. Nine tumor suppressor genes ...were studied. Hypermethylation of the Ras association domain family 1 A ( RASSF1A ) gene was found in human placentas from all three trimesters of pregnancy but was absent in other fetal tissues. Hypermethylation of Rassf1 was similarly observed in placentas from the rhesus monkey but not the mouse. An inverse relationship between RASSF1A promoter methylation and gene expression was demonstrated by bisulfite sequencing of microdissected placental cells and immunohistochemical staining of placental tissue sections using an anti-RASSF1A antibody. Treatment of choriocarcinoma cell lines, JAR and JEG3, by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A led to reduction in RASSF1A methylation but increased expression. These observations extend the analogy between the primate placenta and malignant tumors to the epigenetic level.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Purpose
To validate healthcare claim‐based algorithms for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in children using medical records as the reference.
Methods
Using a clinical data warehouse of patients ...receiving outpatient or inpatient care at two hospitals in Boston, we identified children (≤14 years between 2010 and 2014) with at least one of the following NDDs according to claims‐based algorithms: autism spectrum disorder/pervasive developmental disorder (ASD), attention deficit disorder/other hyperkinetic syndromes of childhood (ADHD), learning disability, speech/language disorder, developmental coordination disorder (DCD), intellectual disability, and behavioral disorder. Fifty cases per outcome were randomly sampled and their medical records were independently reviewed by two physicians to adjudicate the outcome presence. Positive predictive values (PPVs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
Results
PPVs were 94% (95% CI, 83%–99%) for ASD, 88% (76%–95%) for ADHD, 98% (89%–100%) for learning disability, 98% (89%–100%) for speech/language disorder, 82% (69%–91%) for intellectual disability, and 92% (81%–98%) for behavioral disorder. A total of 19 of the 50 algorithm‐based cases of DCD were confirmed as severe coordination disorders with functional impairment, with a PPV of 38% (25%–53%). Among the 31 false‐positive cases of DCD were 7 children with coordination deficits that did not persist throughout childhood, 7 with visual‐motor integration deficits, 12 with coordination issues due to an underlying medical condition and 5 with ADHD and at least one other severe NDD.
Conclusions
PPVs were generally high (range: 82%–98%), suggesting that claims‐based algorithms can be used to study NDDs. For DCD, additional criteria are needed to improve the classification of true cases.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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