This article reviews the socioeconomic factors that have shaped Estonia's regional population development during the last 30 years. In the 1990s, primary and secondary industries declined and massive ...urbanization started, depopulating rural and old industrial areas while suburban sprawl developed around the capital Tallinn. Urban growth accelerated in the 2000s, and the 2008 global financial crisis prompted migration from the peripheries. Since 2015, Estonia's population has been growing thanks to returning emigrants and new immigrants. Recent years have witnessed the spread effect and spatial oscillation boosted by COVID‐19 and the Ukrainian war. Additionally, a growing number of people live temporarily in multiple places, including remote rural localities.
Resumen
Este artículo revisa los factores socioeconómicos que han configurado el desarrollo demográfico regional de Estonia durante los últimos 30 años. En la década de 1990, las industrias primarias y secundarias decayeron y se inició una urbanización masiva que despobló las zonas rurales y las antiguas zonas industriales, al tiempo que se desarrollaba una dispersión suburbana en torno a la capital, Tallin. El crecimiento urbano se aceleró en la década de 2000, y la crisis financiera mundial de 2008 impulsó la migración desde las periferias. Desde 2015, la población de Estonia ha crecido gracias a los emigrantes retornados y a los nuevos inmigrantes. Los últimos años han sido testigos del efecto de dispersión y la oscilación espacial impulsados por COVID‐19 y la guerra en Ucrania. Además, cada vez más personas viven temporalmente en varios lugares, incluidas localidades rurales remotas.
抄録
本稿では、過去30年間におけるエストニアの地域の人口増加の社会経済的要因をレビューする。1990年代には、第一次及び第二次産業が衰退し、大規模な都市化が始まり、農村地域や古い工業地帯の人口が減少し、首都タリンの周辺地域の郊外ではスプロール化が進んだ。都市部の発展は2000年代に加速し、2008年の世界金融危機は周辺地域からの移住を促した。2015年以降、エストニアの人口は帰国移民と新規の移民によって増加している。近年では、COVID‐19とウクライナでの戦争によって拡大効果と空間的変動が強められている。また、辺境の農村地域を含む複数の場所に一時的に住む人が増加している。
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Regional higher education institutions in regional leadership and development. Regional Studies. This paper analyses the evolution, the embeddedness in regional structures and the contribution to ...leadership of Estonian regional higher education institutions. The conceptual framework combines institutional and complexity leadership theories to create a typology of regional higher education institutions. The empirical material is based on interviews and survey data. It seems that in order to be successful, regional higher education institutions and their leaders have to act not only as educators but also as proactive institutional entrepreneurs, shaping regional strategies and institutional development as well as national policies.
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This paper addresses recreational home owners' role in local leadership and governance, focusing on whether they counteract or reinforce the peripheralisation of remotely located communities. If ...recreational house owners (RHO) grow in number, they become stronger stakeholders with an increased ability to impact the social and economic life of communities. Possessing high interpretive and network power, they should have fairly good opportunities to contribute to local development. The greatest challenge is to find a balance and create positive synergies between permanent and temporary residents' interests. Here, leadership quality has a great importance in orchestrating relations and communication between interest groups. Empirically, the paper is based on a comparative case study of Noarootsi and Vormsi, two tiny municipalities located on the Estonian West coast, which is outside the daily commuting area of urban centres. Both case study areas have similar cultural and historical development paths and economic bases. Since they practiced very different leadership models during the last 25 years, we can compare whether and how this impacted governance and overall development. We used media analysis, statistical data and the results of students' fieldwork as a background; moreover, we conducted 20 in-depth interviews with key informants. The results show the highly important role of RHOs in local governance depending on their personal background and motives. At the same time, the results also indicate the need for skilful local leadership to encourage the participation and equal involvement of all permanent and temporary resident interest groups in decision making.
Baltic societies have been transformed rapidly since the beginning of the 1990s, whereas planning institutions and organizational cultures in the Baltic States have only changed rather incrementally ...despite various national and European pressures for reform. As a consequence, the extent of Europeanization of spatial planning has been limited in the Baltic region, and the effects of cohesion and structural policy measures have been quite modest. This paper focuses on these changes in spatial planning in the Baltic States and is divided into three main parts. The paper begins by describing the historical and cultural context of spatial development in the Baltic States. Second, it discusses processes of Europeanization of spatial planning in the specific context of the Baltic States, and third, it considers whether these processes may be leading to policy convergence in the region.
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This special issue focuses on the governance of peripheries in CEE from a multiscalar perspective to identify current policy responses and practices at the European, regional, cross-border and local ...levels. We attempt to unite various paradigms of peripheries by taking a governance approach – paradigms that, when used independently, threaten to further fragment our understanding of non-core territories across CEE. The introductory paper progresses from discussing the territorial basis of peripheries, through rescaling processes and issues of governance, to the introduction of selected papers included in this issue.
Over the last two decades, the role of the EU can be considered highly important in advancing institutional reforms and overall development in Estonia. The article focuses on Estonian regional policy ...(RP) and analyses whether it has gone through Europeanization (i.e. convergence with EU regulations and values, or followed its own development path). The institutional cycle model of territorial governance is used for establishing the analytical framework. The research was largely carried out as a second-person action research and used interviews over the period of 1990-2011. The article concludes that Estonian RP shows considerable dynamics as public and political support to RP, administrative structures and policy tools have changed. Europeanization of Estonian RP was most visible in 1994-1998, when an institutional framework was created, in parallel with intensive learning from the West. Overall, in 1999-2004 the application of EU cohesion policy tools took place with significant convergence. After joining the EU in 2004, national RP programmes were reduced, the institutional framework was frozen and a selective application of EU rules and the use of EU cohesion policy measures for achieving some personal political agendas started, driving Estonian RP away from common European values.
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Prispevek na teoretičen in praktičen način (študija primera: Mustoce inKasepää) podrobno analizira elemente in instrumente, pa tudi poslediceprehoda v tržno gospodarstvo v Estoniji.
This paper analyzes the regional identity & social capital formation process & components. Regional identity is the special kind of phenomenon, which forms throughout historical & territorial ...socialization. The great ambition of this paper is to interrelate Anssi Paasi (1986) & other cultural geographers' & sociologists' ideas with recent regional economic development & planning discussion & to enhance regional identity as a planning tool. The theoretical part describes components & the process of regional identity formation. We assume that regional identity correlates with people's volition in achieving common goals, raises their personal activity, & influences due to that regional development & planning. The regional identity is crucial in securing public participation in planning. The empirical part of the paper is based on mass survey analysis. 8 Tables, 10 Figures, 55 References. Adapted from the source document.
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The authors analyse the formation and transformation processes of three Estonian coastal resorts, Haapsalu, Kuressaare and Pärnu. Starting with sea-mud therapies, these towns expanded their health ...resort activities from the first half of the 19th century and gradually established tourism economies. The preconditions for the birth of a resort and attempt to characterise the spirit of place of a tourism destination are discussed theoretically. The spirit of a place becomes critical during periods of change, when it is necessary to have a clear vision for local policy-making and consolidation of joint activities. It is not enough to have a beach and modern spa or hotel facilities. The resorts need some special attractions, which may be related to historic legacies or careful urban and landscape planning. Coastal tourism has faced major transformations during recent decades and all West Estonian resorts have expanded their capacity for the third time in their history. The method of study is historical and content analysis of written media, archive sources and statistics. The authors find that resorts that have a clearly expressed spirit of place are more successful than those where it is less well experienced.
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This open access book brings together scholars in the fields of management, public policy, regional studies, and organization theory around the concept of resilience. The aim is to provide a more ...holistic understanding of the complex phenomenon of resilience from a multi-sectorial, cross-national, and multidisciplinary perspective. The book facilitates a conversation across diverse disciplinary specializations and empirical domains. The authors contribute both to theory testing and theory development and provide key empirical insights useful for societies, organizations, and individuals experiencing disruptive pressures, not least in the context of a post-COVID-19 world. Diverse chapters are held together by a clear organization of the volume across levels of analysis (resilience in organizations and societies) and by an original perspective on resilience derived from an extended review, by the editors, of the existing literature and knowledge gaps, according to which each of the individual chapter contributions is positioned and connected to.
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