Intermodal freight transportation refers to a multi-modal chain of container-transportation services which usually links the initial shipper to the final consignee of the container (door-to-door ...service) and takes place over long distances. Container transportation is a major component of intermodal transportation and international commerce. Container flow should be optimal to ensure proper resource utilization and profitability to players. Various multi-objective evolutionary algorithms have been developed to efficiently solve optimization problems in container flows. This paper presents a short review of optimization problems in intermodal transport using sea and land legs together regarding three mostly observed objectives (transport cost, transit time and CO2 emissions).
In this paper, we present a method to calculate the probability of error per
symbol (Symbol Error Probability, SEP) of M-ary Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (MQAM) over a slow, flat, identically ...independently distributed
Rician fading channels. Since the fading is one of the major constraints in
wireless communications, then diversity modulation technique is used for the
efficient transfer of message signals. Exact analysis of error probability
per symbol for MQAM, transmitted over Rician fading channels, is performed by
N branches of diversity reception using maximum ratio of signal-to-noise
power (maximal-ratio-combining, MRC), where the information in the channel on
the receiver side is known. The performances of MQAM over Rician fading
channels are here also analyzed. Approximate formula is used to represent SEP
for MQAM transmitted over Gaussian channels. Boundary condition for the
approximation is M?4 and 0?SNR?30 dB.
nema
Liner shipping is the most efficient mode of transport for goods. International liner shipping is a sophisticated network of regularly scheduled services that transports goods from anywhere in the ...world to anywhere in the world at low cost and with greater energy efficiency than any other form of international transportation. Liner shipping connects countries, markets, businesses and people, allowing them to buy and sell goods on a scale not previously possible. Today, the liner shipping industry transports goods representing approximately one-third of the total value of global trade. Ocean shipping contributes significantly to international stability and security. Considering the large and constant struggle in the market in terms of competitive pricing of products, a very important and indispensable role represents the container transport with a clear task to define the final price of the product. This paper analyzes the costs of container transport flow between Far East and Serbia, using different liner shipping services, observing the six world’s largest container operators (Maersk Line, Mediterranean Shipping Company, CMA CGM, Evergreen Line, China Ocean Shipping Company and Hapag-Lloyd) and inland (truck-rail-river) transport corridors. These corridors include distance between selected Mediterranean ports (Koper, Rijeka, Bar, Thessaloniki, Constanta) and Serbia. As a result, in this paper is considered a mathematical model that provides a comparative analysis of transportation costs on the different routes. It is observed already existing transport routes and it is also given hypothetical review to the development of new transport routes. The main goal of this research is to provide an optimal route with lowest transportation cost during container transport. Selection of the best route in the intermodal network is a very difficult and complex task. The costs in all modes of transport and the quality of their services are not constant parameters and changes depending on a number of conditions and characteristics. The analysis of this model within combined maritime and land-based networks would prove helpful for the study of logistics chains, the hinterland-foreland continuum, intermodal transport systems, and market competitiveness.
The Danube navigation is geographically limited and subject to the effects of environmental change. On the other hand, the Danube commercial navigation is the point source of pollution with emissions ...of the Danube vessels and harbours, directly polluting the environment. The focus of this paper is the annual evaluation and calculation of air polluting emissions from fossil fuel consumption from the following types of the Danube fleet: push boats, pull boats, freight motor vessels and cruise passenger ships. Emissions from the Danube transport vessels are estimated by EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Environment Agency) air pollutant emission inventory guidebook within Serbian-Croatian, Serbian and Serbian-Romanian sections of the Danube fairway on an average level. Emissions costs for all types of the Danube fleet (euro per vessel-kilometre) are estimated by the Practical guideline for realistic transport pricing depending on the population density close to the waterway: rural or urban area.
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International shipping is still the most important transportation method. Besides the uncountable benefits, ships have a considerable role on environment. Greenhouse gas emissions is the most ...negative effects of freight transport and has undesirable effects on the environment. Exhaust gases are the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from ships and carbon dioxide is the most important GHG, both in terms of quantity and of global warming potential. In view of rising environmental concerns of GHG, shipping lines must also consider cutting down their carbon footprints in their strategic and tactical planning. Intermodal freight transport, where freight is shipped from origin port with gateway ports by a sequence of at least two transportation modes, offers the possibility of shifting freight (either partially or in full) from one mode to another in the hope of reducing the greenhouse emissions by appropriately scheduling the services and routing the freight. Traditional planning methods for scheduling services in an intermodal transportation network usually focus on minimizing travel or time-related costs of transport. The main objective of this paper is to find for the most favorable solution from a range of permissible solutions in terms of the criterion adopted, the lowest transport costs and the minimum emission of gases when transporting the container. The developed mathematical model is verified by the example of container transportation from Shanghai to Belgrade using four scenarios and one hypothetical model. The mathematical model gives us the possibility to observe the entire range of solutions, as well as the ability to rank them, by which a simple selection of a group of the most favorable solutions is made, while simultaneously looking at transport costs and gas emissions. The model responds to different customer requirements as some require lower transport costs, while others are focused on minimizing and faster delivery times, taking into account the increasingly important issue of environmental sustainability by minimizing gas emissions. The mathematical model as a separate software package was implemented by Agent Plus in the process of business improvement through continuous monitoring of continuous changes in the market, which also verified its application in practice.
In this paper is presented how to calculate the probability of error per symbol of M-ary non-coherent frequency modulation (M-ary Frequency Shift Keying, MFSK) over a slow, flat, identically ...independently distributed Rician fading channels. SEP is calculated by technique with maximal ratio combining diverzity, using the moment generating function. We assume that the information is known on the receiving side of the channel. Probabilities of error per symbol for the modulation technique are plotted for different values of Rician factor K, diverzity order N and modulation order M.
This research focus on the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms on beech trees relative to the presence of tree injuries, with the aim to ensure protection and preservation of this species in ...Serbia. The research was conducted in eastern Serbia, in a hillside beech forest Fagetum moesiacae submontanum of generative origin. The testing was carried out on two sites over 51 testing plots, with a total of 829 trees and 21 species of identified fungi. On the first site it was found that the appearance of fungi primarily depends on the presence of mechanical damage on trees (as much as 73.46%), while the presence of abiotic damage has almost no bearing (only 3.21%). On the second site there was a strong correlation link between the occurrence of fungi and presence of mechanical damage - 51.88%, as well as between the fungi and abiotic damage - 47.96%. The health condition of high beech stands was found to be heavily dependent on careful and proper manipulation during harvesting, while each injury inflicted on a beech live tree during logging opens the door to infection with pathogenic microorganisms.
Container transport represents a key component of intermodal transport and a substantial contribution to the rapidly growing international trade. The container trade should be optimal to provide a ...suitable resource utilisation and profitability to key operators, providing them an easy and relatively cheap access to international markets. Numerous algorithms have been generated to provide an efficient solution to optimisation problems in container trade. This paper analyses the supply-chain network focusing on container import from the Far East to Serbia through selected Mediterranean ports (Koper, Rijeka, Bar, Thessaloniki and Constanta). An optimisation mathematical model was developed, minimising the transit time and transportation costs of container imports to Serbia, by means of using various liner shipping services on the deep-short sea and truck-rail-barge inland transport networks from selected ports. By using the bi-objective model for container flows from the Far East through Mediterranean ports, the optimal path for container import to Serbia has been determined. Certain groups of customers require the lowest freight rates, while others give priority to a faster delivery.
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