Eating together unites people and has a significant impact on their physical, social, and emotional development. This book looks at practices and traditions of sharing food prevalent among major ...religious communities in India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity, and Islam. Food insecurity is one of the major problems every country in the world is facing today because of increasing population, climate change, agrarian distress, wars and conflicts, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Including case studies from across India, this book examines the necessity and effectiveness of food-sharing practices in temples, mosques, and gurudwaras, among others. Emphasising the importance of these practices for the social and physical well-being of the most vulnerable sections of society, it showcases how traditional religious practices of food sharing have contributed to tackling hunger, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The volume also offers long-term solutions to address underlying issues which cause hunger and food insecurity. One of the first to study food sharing and alms-giving practices in India, this book will be an essential read for scholars and researchers of sociology, anthropology, food studies, religion, security studies, political economy, public policy, and South Asian history and culture.
This review addresses trends in the development of high performance polyurethane (PU) and its subclass coatings. Changes in the understanding the technical requirements and properties, along with ...novel approaches in creating high performance PU films are discussed. Some discussion of developments leading to the current status is provided, along with opportunities for the development of architectural, domestic and automotive coatings from carbamate chemistry. The review also focuses on the chemistry of PU, the importance of side products such as biuret, allophanate formation, as well as different low VOC PU coatings such as moisture-cured PU-urea, polyurea, PU-imide, UV cure and waterborne PU coatings. A brief description of functionalized dendritic/hyperbranched polymers, different monomers and synthetic approaches, and their use in the PU coating sector is addressed. In the context of nanostructuring, sol–gel chemistry to formulate ceramer coatings and use of functionalized nanomaterials in PU coatings is described. This portion also includes silica grafting and functionalization of nanosilica particles, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and the use of bridged polysilsesquioxanes in PU coatings. A wide variety of fillers, whiskers and fibers as well as clay and wollastonites with structural modification is described for use in nanocomposite PU coatings, with special emphasis on the latest development in PU-layered silicate nanocomposites.The use of different reactive-type organophosphorus compounds, aziridinyl curing agents in aqueous PU dispersions, phosphazenes, organo-boranes such as different carboranes for use in the formulation of flame retardant coatings is described. Since surface properties determine the resistivity of coatings towards corrosive chemicals, moisture and dirt repellency, a portion of the review will also be devoted towards modification of surface properties using fluoropolymer, and the synthesis and a brief description of the available fluorinated diols is given.
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Context: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) comprises more than 90% of oral cancers and is the most common carcinoma affecting the oral cavity. Early stage T1/T2 OSCC have a heterogeneous prognosis ...and a significant number of patients develop loco regional recurrence (LRR) and have reduced disease free survival (DFS) with increased disease related mortality. Aims and Objectives: To assess the impact of the three parameters used in Brandwein-Gensler risk model along with lympho-vascular invasion (LVI), depth of invasion (DOI) and lymph node metastases in predicting LRR in early stage OSCC. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study on early stage T1/2 OSCC patients over a period of 2 years who received treatment by surgical resection and had follow-up data. LRR was assessed based on recurrence of OSCC at the initial site or in regional lymph nodes. Results: Out of 1135 OSCC cases during our study period a total of 207 cases befitted our inclusion criteria. Recurrence was noted in 113 (54.6%) cases. Univariate analysis identified LVI (P < 0.00001), DOI (P < 0.00001), nodal involvement (P < 0.00001), worst pattern of invasion (WPOI) (P < 0.00001), lymphocytic host response (LHR) (P = 0.004), perineural invasion (PNI) (P = 0.012) as strong statistically significant risk factors for LRR. Conclusion: Adequate assessment of simple parameters on routine H and E by incorporating Brandwein-Gensler histological risk scoring model at the initial presentation can help prognosticate and predict LRR and select patients for post-surgical adjuvant therapy.
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Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) is the major insect pest of pigeonpea and prediction of number of generations (no. of gen.) and generation time (gen. time) using growing degree days (GDD) ...approach during three future climate change periods viz., Near (NP), Distant (DP) and Far Distant (FDP) periods at eleven major pigeonpea growing locations of India was attempted. Multi-model ensemble of Maximum (Tmax) and Minimum (Tmin) temperature data of four Representative Concentration Pathways viz., RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 of Coupled Model Inter comparison Project 5 (CMIP5) models was adopted here. The increase in projected Tmax and Tmin are significant during 3 climate change periods (CCPs) viz., the NP, DP and FDP over base line (BL) period under four RCP scenarios at all locations and would be higher (4.7-5.1 °C) in RCP 8.5 and in FDP. More number of annual (10-17) and seasonal (5-8) gens. are expected to occur with greater percent increase in FDP (8 to 38%) over base line followed by DP (7 to 22%) and NP (5to 10%) periods with shortened annual gen. time (4 to 27%) across 4 RCPs. The reduction of crop duration was substantial in short, medium and long duration pigeonpeas at all locations across 4 RCPs and 3 CCPs. The seasonal no.of gen. is expected to increase (5 to 35%) with shortened gen. time (4 to 26%) even with reduced crop duration across DP and FDP climate periods of 6.0 and 8.5 RCPs in LD pigeonpea. More no. of gen. of H. armigera with reduced gen. time are expected to occur at Ludhiana, Coimbatore, Mohanpur, Warangal and Akola locations over BL period in 4 RCPs when normal duration of pigeonpeas is considered. Geographical location (66 to 72%), climate period (11 to 19%), RCPs (5-7%) and their interaction (0.04-1%) is vital and together explained more than 90% of the total variation in future pest scenario. The findings indicate that the incidence of H. armigera would be higher on pigeonpea during ensuing CCPs in India under global warming context.
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Soil microbial communities are important drivers of biogeochemical cycling of nutrients, organic matter decomposition, soil organic carbon, and Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs: CO
, N
O, and CH
) and ...are influenced by crop and soil management practices. The knowledge on the impact of conservation agriculture (CA) on soil bacterial diversity, nutrient availability, and GHG emissions in semi-arid regions under rainfed conditions is vital to develop sustainable agricultural practices, but such information has not been systemically documented. Hence, studies were conducted for 10 years in rainfed pigeonpea (
L.)-castor bean (
L.) cropping system under semi-arid conditions to assess the effects of tillage and crop residue levels on the soil bacterial diversity, enzyme activity (Dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase), GHG emissions, and soil available nutrients (Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). Sequencing of soil DNA through Illumina HiSeq-based 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technology has revealed that bacterial community responded to both tillage and residue levels. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria in terms of Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTUs) at phyla, class as well as genera level was higher in CA (NTR1: No Tillage + 10 cm anchored residue and NTR2 NT + 30 cm anchored residue) over CT (conventional tillage without crop residues). CA resulted in higher enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase) and reduction in GHG emissions over CT. CA recorded 34% higher and 3% lower OC, as compared to CT, and CTR1, respectively. CA recorded 10, 34, and 26% higher available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium over CT and CTR1, respectively. NTR1 recorded 25 and 38% lower N
O emissions as compared to CTR1 and CTR2, respectively. Whereas only NT recorded 12% higher N
O emissions as compared to CT. Overall, the results of the study indicate that CA improves the relative abundance of soil bacterial communities, nutrient availability, and enzyme activities, and may help to contribute to the mitigation of climate change, and sustainability in rainfed areas.
The present study features the estimation of number of generations of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura. Fab. on peanut crop at six locations in India using MarkSim, which provides General ...Circulation Model (GCM) of future data on daily maximum (T.max), minimum (T.min) air temperatures from six models viz., BCCR-BCM2.0, CNRM-CM3, CSIRO-Mk3.5, ECHams5, INCM-CM3.0 and MIROC3.2 along with an ensemble of the six from three emission scenarios (A2, A1B and B1). This data was used to predict the future pest scenarios following the growing degree days approach in four different climate periods viz., Baseline-1975, Near future (NF) -2020, Distant future (DF)-2050 and Very Distant future (VDF)-2080. It is predicted that more generations would occur during the three future climate periods with significant variation among scenarios and models. Among the seven models, 1-2 additional generations were predicted during DF and VDF due to higher future temperatures in CNRM-CM3, ECHams5 & CSIRO-Mk3.5 models. The temperature projections of these models indicated that the generation time would decrease by 18-22% over baseline. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to partition the variation in the predicted number of generations and generation time of S. litura on peanut during crop season. Geographical location explained 34% of the total variation in number of generations, followed by time period (26%), model (1.74%) and scenario (0.74%). The remaining 14% of the variation was explained by interactions. Increased number of generations and reduction of generation time across the six peanut growing locations of India suggest that the incidence of S. litura may increase due to projected increase in temperatures in future climate change periods.
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Context: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) to differentiate germ cell tumors.
Aims: The aim of the study is to differentiate seminomatous and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (GCTs) with morphological ...overlap using a minimal and affordable panel of IHC markers.
Settings and Design: This is a retrospective observational study.
Subjects and Methods: All testicular GCTs (TGCT) which were diagnosed on biopsies and/or resection specimens (prechemotherapy) between January 2014 and June 2019. The demographic, clinical, and imaging findings were noted from the medical records. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained sections were reviewed for morphology. The IHC markers constituted Octamer-binding transcription factor (OCT) 3/4, glypican 3 (GPC3), CD117, CD30, placental-like alkaline phosphatase, Sal-like protein 4, and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). IHC markers were performed in various combinations depending on the morphology, and a panel constituting OCT 3/4, CD117, GPC3, and CD30 was performed on cases with diagnostic dilemma and morphological overlaps.
Statistical Analysis Used: Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for suggested panel of IHC OCT 3/4, CD117, GPC3, and CD30.
Results: The study included 36 patients with TGCT with a mean age of 27 (15-58) years. Nonseminomatous tumors were the most common (86%). The concise panel was performed in 20/36 (56%) tumors to resolve the diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for OCT3/4 were 80%, 55%, 31%, and 92% in seminomas and 65%, 100%, 100%, and 46% in embryonal carcinomas (EC), for CD117 was 89%, 82%, 73%, and 93% in seminomas and 60%, 77%, 60%, and 77% in yolk sac tumors (YST), for GPC3 was 95%, 90%, 95%, and 90% in YST, CD30 96%, 100%, 100%, and 91% in ECs, respectively.
Conclusions: Designing a novel concise and affordable IHC panel constituting OCT 3/4, CD117, GPC3, and CD30 has good sensitivity and specificity in differentiating seminomas, YST, and EC, respectively. Additional markers, namely β-HCG, can be used in identifying the choriocarcinoma component.
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The intensive agriculture practices improved the crop productivity but escalated energy inputs (EI) and carbon foot print (CF) which contributes to global warming. Hence designing productive, ...profitable crop management practices under different production systems with low environmental impact (EI and CF) is the need of the hour. To identify the practices, quantification of baseline emissions and the major sources of emissions are required. Indian agriculture has diversified crops and production systems but there is dearth of information on both EI and CF of these production systems and crops. Hence the present study was an attempt to find hot spots and identify suitable strategies with high productivity, energy use efficiency (EUE) and carbon use efficiency (CUE). Energy and carbon balance of castor, cotton, chickpea, groundnut, maize, rice (both rainfed and irrigated), wheat, sugarcane (only irrigated), pigeon pea, soybean, sorghum, pearl millet (only rainfed) in different production systems was assessed. Field specific data on different crop management practices as well as grain and biomass yields were considered. Rainfed production systems had lower EI and CF than irrigated system. The nonrenewable sources of energy like fertilizer (64 %), irrigation (78 %), diesel fuel (75 %) and electricity (67 %) are the major source of energy input. Rainfed crops recorded higher CUE over irrigated condition. Adoption of technologies like efficient irrigation strategies (micro irrigation), enhancing fertilizer use efficiency (site specific nutrient management or slow release fertilizer), conservation agriculture (conservation or reduced tillage) rice cultivation methods (SRI or Direct seeded rice) were the mitigation strategies. These results will help policy makers and stake holders in adoption of suitable strategies for sustainable intensification.
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•Energy and Carbon input of rainfed system is lower than irrigated system.•Irrigation, fertilizer and land preparation are major sources of energy inputs.•The energy and carbon use efficiency were higher in rainfed production system.•The EEI of irrigated system was lower than rainfed system.•Strategies improving WUE, NUE and CA have mitigation co benefits.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The utilization of renewable resources for the development of organic coatings is a viable means of creating alternatives to petroleum-based chemicals which are not eco-friendly. This paper reports ...the synthesis of polyesteramide–urethane–silica–zinc oxide hybrid coatings from
Thevetia peruviana
seed oil (TPSO). The periphery of ZnO nano-particles is modified with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to prepare silica grafted ZnO composite particles. The TPSO based polyesteramide was reacted with 4,4′-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane in presence of siloxane modified ZnO to obtain –NCO terminated polyesteramide–urethane–silica ZnO prepolymer. These hybrid pre-polymers were casted on tin foil and cured under atmospheric moisture to obtain eco-friendly, moisture cured polyesteramide–urethanes–silica–zinc oxide hybrid coating films. The synthesized polyester and polyurethane formation was confirmed by using FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The resultant hybrid coating films were characterized by using FT-IR, TGA, DSC, SEM, corrosion resistance and microbial resistance. Results confirm that with increase of siloxane modified ZnO content in the polyurethane matrix thermal stability, glass transition temperature and corrosion resistance improved. The antibacterial activity shows that the hybrid films exhibit excellent resistance towards
Escherichia coli
and
Staphylococcus aureus
. The salt spray test on coated panel samples show good corrosion resistance properties.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In recent times 1,2,3-triazole rich molecules have gained much importance in the field of polymer and material science because of their excellent properties like strong anti-microbial and anti ...fouling nature of the triazole ring along with easy synthetic procedures and exceptionally high yield of end product. Generally these molecules are synthesized by azide-alkyne click reaction and this chemistry has potential application in the functionalization of a wide range of inorganic moieties like metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes
etc.
to develop hybrid nanocomposites for high performance materials. Based on the previous reports, this particular review article provides a comprehensive overview of the application of 1,2,3-triazoles in the design of various high performance organic coatings such as anti-corrosive, anti-microbial, self-healing, hybrid nanocomposite, bio degradable
etc.
This review article presents an overview of the application of 1,2,3-triazoles in the design of various high performance organic coatings with properties like anti-corrosive, anti-microbial, self-healing, hybrid nanocomposite, bio degradable
etc
.
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