Zatvorska se kazna smatra najtežim oblikom socijalnog isključivanja, pri čemu određeni broj zatvorenika ima iskustvo isključenosti i prije dolaska na izvršavanje kazne, a i samo izvršavanje kazne ...može pridonijeti društvenom odbacivanju nakon otpusta iz zatvora. Prevencija socijalnog isključivanja zatvorenika jedna je od važnih zadaća većine europskih probacijskih službi. U Republici Hrvatskoj probacijska je služba započela s radom 2011. godine, dakle prije deset godina, dok se s uvođenjem i izvršavanjem probacijskih poslova povezanih s kaznom zatvora započelo 2013. godine. Cilj je rada istaknuti ulogu probacijskih službi u prevenciji trajnog socijalnog isključivanja i kriminalnog povrata zatvorenika, a time i važnost osnivanja hrvatske probacijske službe i obavljanja poslova povezanih s izvršavanjem zatvorske kazne. U radu su prikazani načini izvršavanja tih poslova u Republici Hrvatskoj, neki izazovi povezani s njihovim uvođenjem i izvršavanjem, uz smjernice za daljnje unapređenje obavljanja tih poslova. Radom se ujedno želi pridonijeti boljoj informiranosti drugih službi, stručnjaka i javnosti o obavljanju tih poslova u svrhu njihova što intenzivnijeg i učinkovitijeg uključivanja u prevenciju socijalnog isključivanja zatvorenika. Rad je nastao na bazi izravna iskustva autorica na osmišljavanju, uvođenju, koordinaciji izvršavanja i razvoju tih probacijskih poslova na području Republike Hrvatske.
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NUK, ODKLJ, PRFLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
Eukaryotic chromosomes are folded into hierarchical domains, forming functional compartments. Nuclear periphery and nucleolus are two nuclear landmarks contributing to repressive chromosome ...architecture. However, while the role of nuclear lamina (NL) in genome organization has been well documented, the function of the nucleolus remains under-investigated due to the lack of methods for the identification of nucleolar associated domains (NADs). Here we have established DamID- and HiC-based methodologies to generate accurate genome-wide maps of NADs in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs), revealing layers of genome compartmentalization with distinct, repressive chromatin states based on the interaction with the nucleolus, NL, or both. NADs show higher H3K9me2 and lower H3K27me3 content than regions exclusively interacting with NL. Upon ESC differentiation into NPCs, chromosomes around the nucleolus acquire a more compact, rigid architecture with neural genes moving away from nucleoli and becoming unlocked for later activation. Further, histone modifications and the interaction strength within A and B compartments of NADs and LADs in ESCs set the choice to associate with NL or nucleoli upon dissociation from their respective compartments during differentiation. The methodologies here developed will make possible to include the nucleolar contribution in nuclear space and genome function in diverse biological systems.
Abstract
The Balkan Peninsula represents one of the three southern European glacial refugia where biodiversity persisted throughout the climatically unstable Quaternary. This study considered the ...‘refugia within refugia’ model, which assumes the environmental heterogeneity over time and space in larger refugia. To better understand patterns shaped during the Quaternary climatic oscillations, the present and last glacial maximum (LGM) environmental conditions and current morphological variability of Edraianthus tenuifolius, an endemic plant of the western Balkans with a well-known therphical structure, were considered. Potential present and LGM distributions were studied through environmental niche modelling using 161 data of occurrences and six bioclimatic variables, hindcasting the model to LGM conditions using three different global circulation models. To test the geographical variability of the reproductive region, 41 characters of 667 inflorescences from 35 populations within the distribution range were measured. Geographical patterns, using geostatistics together with univariate and multivariate statistical approaches, were analysed. The environmental niche model suggested the current potential distribution in correspondence to its known occurrences. The hindcast to LGM conditions suggested two separate areas of environmental suitability, one in the present-day northern Adriatic coast of Croatia (Istrian Peninsula, Kvarner) and another on the present-day south-eastern Adriatic coast (southern Dalmatia, Montenegro and northern Albania). Morphological variability showed a similar pattern, where southern populations separated from northern populations according to a major split in the central part of its distribution range (central Dalmatia). On other levels, stronger barriers were predicted to separate northern populations from the eastern Istrian Peninsula and the Kvarner area. The results suggested congruent biogeographical patterns to the already known phylogeographical structure. Both environmental niche modelling and the geographical variability of morphological characters suggested spatial partitioning, indicating the potential presence of two separate refugia during the LGM.
Combining occurrence data with present and LGM environmental conditions coupled with spatial analysis of phenotypic plasticity of floral characters the authors reveal once again the intricate biogeographic patterns within the Balkan Peninsula. The endemic plant Edraianthus tenuifolius shows patterns of geographical variation that strongly support the 'refugia within refugia' concept in the South European refugia. Moreover, results from the present work are congruent with a previous phylogeographical study supporting the recognition of refugial areas for thermophytic plant taxa during the glacial events of the Pleistocene.
The influenza season 2014/15 started in Europe in week 50 2014 with influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominating. The majority of the A(H3N2) viruses characterised antigenically and/or genetically differ ...from the northern hemisphere vaccine component which may result in reduced vaccine effectiveness for the season. We therefore anticipate that this season may be more severe than the 2013/14 season. Treating influenza with antivirals in addition to prevention with vaccination will be important.
Liquid-based cytology (LBC) enables the use of supplementary methods in the diagnosis and prognosis of cervical lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between p16-INK4a ...immunoexpression in ThinPrep cervical cytologic samples and human papillomavirus (HPV) detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the same sample. LBC-ThinPrep (Cytyc, USA) cervical cytology samples, prepared and stained by Papanicolaou method, were analyzed using modified Bethesda cytologic classification named "Zagreb 2002". A second ThinPrep slide, prepared from the same sample, was immunostained for p16INK4a using CINtec p16INK4a Cytology Kit (DakoCytomation, Denmark). Increased expression of the high-risk (HR) HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes results in a highly specific increase in p16 protein expression and overexpression of p16INK4a acts as a potential biomarker for cervical cancer progression from premalignant lesions. Brown nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining of abnormal cells was considered a positive result. Residual material was used for 13 HR HPV-DNA detection by the PCR based AMPLICOR HPV test (Roche Molecular Systems). A total of 120 ThinPrep Pap tests with the following cytologic diagnoses: 17 within normal limits, 17 atypical squamous cell (ASC) (7 ASC of undetermined significance /ASCUS/ and 10 ASC of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions cannot be excluded /ASC-H/), 26 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) corresponding cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, 57 high-grade SIL (HSIL) i.e. 24 CIN II and 33 CIN III and 3 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were included in the study. All CIN III (n = 33) and SCC (n = 3) specimens expressed p16INK4a immunoreactivity, whereas the HR HPV test was positive in 97% (32/33) of CIN III and 100% (3/3) of SCC specimens. The p16INK4a biomarker was positive in 87.5% (21/24) of CIN II and 69% (18/26) of CIN I, while the HR HPV was positive in 75% (18/24) of CIN II and 50% (13/26) of CIN I. In ASCUS cytology, p16INK4a and HR HPV showed the same rate of positivity (28.5%; 2/7). Expression of p16INK4a was detected in all cytologic (10/10) ASC-H lesions, in contrast to HR HPV detected in only 20% (2/10) of ASC-H cases. These data suggest the p16INK4a evaluation in ThinPrep cervical samples to be significantly associated with HR HPV testing by PCR in the same sample for the diagnosis of HSIL lesions and cervical carcinomas. A prospective study with longer follow up may clarify the predictive values in the management of LSIL and ASC diagnosis.
Liquid-based cytology (LBC) enables the use of supplementary methods in the diagnosis and prognosis of cervical lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between p16INK4a ...immunoexpression in ThinPrep cervical cytologic samples and human papillomavirus (HPV) detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the same sample. LBC-ThinPrep (Cytyc, USA) cervical cytology samples, prepared and stained by Papanicolaou method, were analyzed using modified Bethesda cytologic classification named »Zagreb 2002«. A second ThinPrep slide, prepared from the same sample, was immunostained for p16INK4a using CINtec p16INK4a Cytology Kit (DakoCytomation, Denmark). Increased expression of the high-risk (HR) HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes results in a highly specific increase in p16 protein expression and overexpression of p16INK4a acts as a potential biomarker for cervical cancer progression from premalignant lesions. Brown nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining of abnormal cells was considered a positive result. Residual material was used for 13 HR HPV-DNA detection by the PCR based AMPLICOR HPV test (Roche Molecular Systems). A total of 120 ThinPrep Pap tests with the following cytologic diagnoses: 17 within normal limits, 17 atypical squamous cell (ASC) (7 ASC of undetermined significance /ASCUS/ and 10 ASC of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions cannot be excluded /ASC-H/), 26 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) corresponding cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, 57 high-grade SIL (HSIL) i.e. 24 CIN II and 33 CIN III and 3 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were included in the study. All CIN III (n=33) and SCC (n=3) specimens expressed p16INK4a immunoreactivity, whereas the HR HPV test was positive in 97% (32/33) of CIN III and 100% (3/3) of SCC specimens. The p16INK4a biomarker was positive in 87.5% (21/24) of CIN II and 69% (18/26) of CIN I, while the HR HPV was positive in 75% (18/24) of CIN II and 50% (13/26) of CIN I. In ASCUS cytology, p16INK4a and HR HPV showed the same rate of positivity (28.5%; 2/7). Expression of p16INK4a was detected in all cytologic (10/10) ASC-H lesions, in contrast to HR HPV detected in only 20% (2/10) of ASC-H cases. These data suggest the p16INK4a evaluation in ThinPrep cervical samples to be significantly associated with HR HPV testing by PCR in the same sample for the diagnosis of HSIL lesions and cervical carcinomas. A prospective study with longer follow up may clarify the predictive values in the management of LSIL and ASC diagnosis.
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