Protecting plants from herbivorous pests is crucial for ensuring higher agricultural yields and an increased food supply for the growing population. Given the concerns about pollution from toxic ...pesticides as well as climate change, there is a need to prioritize the development of ecologically sustainable approaches to pest management. In order to reduce the pesticide residual effect, it is crucial to develop some ecologically safe methods of herbivory control. Nano-biopesticides are newer tools in pest management that target crop pests specifically and lessen the harmful effects of chemical pesticides. These novel products could be of interest for the creation of intelligent nano-systems aiming to reduce unfavourable agricultural issues,
viz.
safety, security, and high productivity. This review paper provides a comprehensive view of the evolving domain of nanotechnology in crop pest management, specifically emphasizing nano-bioformulations. Examinations have been conducted by various researchers on the use of botanicals in crop pest management considering their sources and modes of action with their resources. Moving on to the worldwide context of nano-bioinsecticides, the advent of nano-botanical insecticides is discussed demonstrating the growing efficacy of nanotechnology in agricultural practices. The benefits of employing nanotechnology in the creation of plant-derived pesticide formulations become clear when one examines the requirements and development approaches for nano-bioformulations. Various types of nano-formulations, with a special emphasis on nano-emulsions, are explored elucidating the transformative insecticidal formulations designed for targeted crop protection. Insights into the intricate mechanisms of insecticidal action through nanomaterials and nano-formulations shed light on their valuable impact on beneficial insects and natural enemies. This review paper emphasized the potential of nano-bioformulations in insect pest management in a sustainable way.
Nano-bio-formulations for insect pest management.
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Regional Station, Hyderabad has facilitated safe introduction of 356 521 (1986–2010) germplasm accessions of various crops into India. About 60 ...seed-borne pathogens of quarantine importance were intercepted on crop germplasm during seed examination in the laboratory and post-entry quarantine observations in the field. Of these, the quarantine pathogens, viz. Ralstonia solanacearum and peanut stripe virus in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. and peanut stripe virus in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., tobacco streak virus in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Xanthomonas campestris pv holcicola (Elliot) Dye, Burkholderia andropogonis (Smith) Gillis et al. on sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Drechslera maydis (Nisik.) Subram. & Jain on maize (Zea mays L.) and Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Okabe) Young et al. on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were intercepted from different countries. Yield losses that could have occurred were estimated had these pathogens of groundnut, soybean, sunflower, maize, sorghum and tomato not been intercepted.
► The highest fruit per inflorescence was found in Ofra grown under polyhouse. ► Maximum number of runners per plant was observed in Ofra in open condition. ► Better fruit quality was observed in ...Chandler under plastic tunnel conditions. ► The highest fruit yield was recorded with Ofra grown under plastic tunnel. ► Maximum marketable yield was obtained in Chandler grown in plastic tunnel.
Field experiments were conducted during 2005–09 at ICAR Sikkim Centre, Tadong, East Sikkim, India at an altitude of 1400
m
amsl to identify the suitable environment for high production of good quality fruits with less diseases for strawberry varieties Ofra and Chandler. Both the varieties were grown under low cost polyhouse, plastic tunnel and open conditions. Maximum number of flower trusses per plant was recorded in Chandler under open condition (13.0) followed by plastic tunnel (12.7). The maximum number of fruits per inflorescence was found in Ofra (7.12) under polyhouse while maximum number of runners per plant was observed in Ofra (12.3) in open conditions. Plastic tunnel with Ofra produced highest fruit weight (26.2
g), fruit length (5.5
cm) and fruit diameter (3.9
cm). Best fruit quality in terms of TSS (6.8%), lower acidity (0.83%) and total sugar (6.3%) was observed in Chandler under plastic tunnel conditions. The highest total fruit yield was recorded with Ofra under plastic tunnel (40.2
t/ha) but the maximum marketable yield was obtained in Chandler under plastic tunnel (35.3
t/ha). Diseases were found to be less prevalent in tunnel as compared to polyhouse and open conditions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The recent emergence of pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) has posed serious ecological and economic implications for cotton production in India since 2017. The project ...“Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM): Dissemination of pink bollworm management strategies in Bt-cotton” was implemented consecutively for four years from 2018 -19, 2019–20, 2020-21 and 2021-22 in 21 districts across three cotton growing zones of the country. In each year, field demonstrations were conducted on 1050 acres of cotton area and mass awareness was created through outreach activities. With concerted and focused efforts, the PBW infestations could be brought down by 42.75% in 2018–19, 43.49% in 2019–20, 35.55% in 2020-21 and 33.77% in 2021-22 in the demonstration plots over the farmer practices. An increased benefit: cost ratios of 2.16:1, 2:1, 1.89:1 and 2.24:1 were realized during 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020-21 and 2021–22, respectively. Similarly, the average number of sprays for the control of cotton pests during the season was reduced to 5.02, 4.94, 5.19 and 5.18 in integrated pest management (IPM) fields as compared to 6.98, 7.66, 8.07 and 8.20 in non-integrated pest management (NIPM) fields in the corresponding years. Reduction in pesticide usage in IPM vs NIPM fields was 46.39% in terms of cost, and 38.96% in terms of volume during 2019-20 while concurrent percent reduction in pesticide usage was 41.03 & 39.33 during 2020-21 and 40.70 & 39.38 in 2021–22. Comparatively more seed cotton was harvested from IPM than NIPM fields i.e. 2190 vs 1820 kg/ha in 2018–19, 2049 vs 1715 kg/ha in 2019–20, 1881 vs 1585 kg/ha in 2020-21 and 1901 vs 1607 kg/ha in 2021–22. Significant success in reducing PBW infestation, pesticide usage and corresponding improvement in yield, economic benefits and environmental quality in terms of reduced EIQFUR has been achieved through IPM demonstrations. This area-wide success was achieved through collective efforts and active involvement of all concerned stakeholders.
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•Pink bollworm has emerged as serious threat to Indian cotton production.•Areawide IPM strategies disseminated & mass awareness created through outreach.•Significant reduction in pest infestation and pesticide usage was achieved.•Realization of economic benefits to cotton growers was demonstrated.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Ecological niche modelling or predictive habitat distribution framework for wild sesame, Sesamum alatum Thonn., an important wild taxa occurring in India has been analyzed using Maximum Entropy ...method. The model indicated that parts of Kanyakumari, Thoothukudi, Sivaganga, Pudukottai, Coimbatore, Thiruvalluvar districts of Tamil Nadu and Chittoor, Kadapa, Nellore, Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, West Godavari, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh are falling under high probability regions for climate suitability of S. alatum species where the in-situ conservation and other genetic resources activity could be taken up in the changed climatic regime. Mean temperature of coldest quarter (30.4%), annual mean temperature (26.0%) and mean diurnal range (17.7%) are major bioclimatic variables contributing to the climatic model of the wild sesame.
The nonlinear propagation in few-mode fibers (FMFs) is modeled using a Gaussian approach, where a closed-form formula for the nonlinear interference is derived. The impacts of different nonlinearity ...penalties are investigated using this model.
We derive a closed-form formula for the nonlinear interference in few-mode fibers (FMFs) in strong coupling regime. We also formulate an expression for the nonlinear FMFs capacity. This is carried ...out by extending the Gaussian noise model (GN-model), that has been used with single-mode fibers (SMFs), to FMFs. We inspect the derived formulas over a mode-division multiplexing (MDM) system that carries wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) signals on each polarization of every spatial mode. The nonlinear coupling among three co-propagated modes reduces the average optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) by about 11.5 dB when compared to single-mode propagation. Also, a differential mode group delay (DMGD) of 300 ps/km between the fundamental mode LP 01 and the other two modes Lp 11a(b) reduces the nonlinearity penalty by about 10%.
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