Abstract Exercise is recommended for the management of osteoarthritis (OA) in all clinical guidelines irrespective of disease severity, pain levels, and functional status. For knee OA, evidence ...supports the benefits of various types of exercise for improving pain and function in the short term. However, there is much less research investigating the effects of exercise in patients with OA at other joints such as the hip and hand. It is important to note that while the magnitude of exercise benefits may be considered small to moderate, these effects are comparable to reported estimates for simple analgesics and oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for OA pain but exercise has much fewer side effects. Exercise prescription should be individualized based on assessment findings and be patient centered involving shared decision making between the patient and clinician. Given that patient adherence to exercise declines over time, appropriate attention should be pain as reduced adherence attenuates the benefits of exercise. Given this, barriers and facilitators to exercise should be identified and strategies to maximize long-term adherence to exercise implemented.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In the classical irreversible thermodynamics (CIT) framework, the Navier–Stokes–Fourier constitutive equations are obtained so as to satisfy the entropy inequality, by and large assuming that the ...entropy flux is equal to the heat flux over the temperature. This article is focused on the derivation of second-order constitutive equations for polyatomic gases; it takes the basis of CIT, but most importantly, allows up to quadratic nonlinearities in the entropy flux. Mathematical similarities between the proposed model and the classic Stokes–Laplace equations are exploited so as to construct analytic/semi-analytic solutions for the slow rarefied gas flow over different shapes. A set of second-order boundary conditions are formulated such that the model's prediction for the drag force is in excellent agreement with the experimental data over the whole range of Knudsen numbers. We have also computed the normal shock structure in nitrogen for Mach ${Ma} \lesssim 4$. A very good agreement was observed with the kinetic theory, as well as with the experimental data.
Mechanical factors, in particular increased medial knee joint load, are believed to be important in the structural progression of knee osteoarthritis. This study evaluated the relationship of medial ...knee load during walking to indices of structural disease progression, measured on MRI, in people with medial knee osteoarthritis.
A longitudinal cohort design utilising a subset of participants (n=144, 72%) enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of lateral wedge insoles was employed. Medial knee load parameters including the peak knee adduction moment (KAM) and the KAM impulse were measured at baseline using three-dimensional gait analysis during walking. MRI at baseline and at 12 months was used to assess structural indices. Multiple regression with adjustment for covariates assessed the relationship between medial knee load parameters and the annual change in medial tibial cartilage volume. Binary logistic regression was used for the dichotomous variables of progression of medial tibiofemoral cartilage defects and bone marrow lesions (BML).
A higher KAM impulse, but not peak KAM, at baseline was independently associated with greater loss of medial tibial cartilage volume over 12 months (β=29.9, 95% CI 6.3 to 53.5, p=0.01). No significant relationships were seen between medial knee load parameters and the progression of medial tibiofemoral cartilage defects or BML.
This study suggests knee loading, in particular the KAM impulse, may be a risk factor for loss of medial tibial cartilage volume. As knee load is modifiable, load-modifying treatments may potentially slow disease progression.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most prevalent microorganism associated with mastitis in cattle, which harbours several virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. The present study ...aimed to characterize S. aureus isolated from mastitic milk of the cattle for antibiotic resistance (blaZ and mecA), haemolysins (hla and hlb) and enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, and sed) genes. A total of 69 staphylococci were isolated and phenotypically characterized for haemolytic properties on 5% sheep blood agar medium. Out of 69 isolates, 55 (79.71%) were identified as S. aureus by polymerase chain reaction assay. Among S. aureus, the majority of the isolates harboured the gene blaZ (92.73%), followed by coa (89.09%), hlb (60%) and hla (49.09%). Gene mecA responsible for methicillin resistance was detected in 23.64% of S. aureus isolates. Enterotoxin genes seb (9.09%), sec (1.82%) and sed (7.27%) responsible for food poisoning were detected at a comparatively lower rate and none of the S. aureus strain was found positive for sea. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility study of S. aureus against 18 antimicrobial discs showed maximum resistance to oxytetracycline, penicillin, and fluoroquinolone groups, contrarily, we observed maximum sensitivity to methicillin and cefuroxime antimicrobials. The high occurrence rate of S. aureus harbouring genes for virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance needs appropriate strategies to control the pathogen spread to the human population.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Metastasis is the primary cause of death of cancer patients. Dissecting mechanisms governing metastatic spread may uncover important tumor biology and/or yield promising therapeutic insights. Here, ...we investigated the role of circular RNAs (circRNA) in metastasis, using melanoma as a model aggressive tumor. We identified silencing of cerebellar degeneration-related 1 antisense (CDR1as), a regulator of miR-7, as a hallmark of melanoma progression. CDR1as depletion results from epigenetic silencing of LINC00632, its originating long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and promotes invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo through a miR-7-independent, IGF2BP3-mediated mechanism. Moreover, CDR1as levels reflect cellular states associated with distinct therapeutic responses. Our study reveals functional, prognostic, and predictive roles for CDR1as and expose circRNAs as key players in metastasis.
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•Loss of CDR1as expression promotes melanoma invasion and metastasis•CDR1as arises from a lncRNA that is epigenetically silenced by EZH2/PRC2•CDR1as interactor, IGF2BP3, largely mediates the effects of CDR1as loss in melanoma•CDR1as levels associate with cell states and therapeutic sensitivities
Investigating the role of circular RNAs (circRNA) in metastasis, Hanniford et al. observe epigenetic silencing of circRNA CDR1as in melanoma progression. Depletion of CDR1as promotes melanoma metastasis via an IGF2BP3-mediated mechanism that is independent of its well-characterized regulation of miR-7.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Effective, accessible biopsychosocial treatments are needed to manage chronic knee pain on a population level.
To evaluate the effectiveness of Internet-delivered, physiotherapist-prescribed home ...exercise and pain-coping skills training (PCST).
Pragmatic parallel-group randomized, controlled trial. (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12614000243617).
Community (Australia).
148 persons aged 50 years or older with chronic knee pain.
The intervention was delivered via the Internet and included educational material, 7 videoconferencing (Skype Microsoft) sessions with a physiotherapist for home exercise, and a PCST program over 3 months. The control was Internet-based educational material.
Primary outcomes were pain during walking (11-point numerical rating scale) and physical function (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) at 3 months. Secondary outcomes were knee pain, quality of life, global change (overall, pain, and functional status), arthritis self-efficacy, coping, and pain catastrophizing. Outcomes were also measured at 9 months.
Of participants enrolled, 139 (94%) completed primary outcome measures at 3 months and 133 (90%) completed secondary outcome measures at 9 months; multiple imputation was used for missing data. The intervention group reported significantly more improvement in pain (mean difference, 1.6 units 95% CI, 0.9 to 2.3 units) and physical function (mean difference, 9.3 units CI, 5.9 to 12.7 units) than the control group at 3 months, and improvements were sustained at 9 months (mean differences, 1.1 units CI, 0.4 to 1.8 units and 7.0 units CI, 3.4 to 10.5 units, respectively). Intervention participants showed significantly more improvement in most secondary outcomes than control participants. At both time points, significantly more intervention participants reported global improvements.
Participants were unblinded.
For persons with chronic knee pain, Internet-delivered, physiotherapist-prescribed exercise and PCST provide clinically meaningful improvements in pain and function that are sustained for at least 6 months.
National Health and Medical Research Council.
Introduction
Eye-gaze technology can be used to track the gaze of surgeons on the surgical monitor. We examine the gaze of surgeons performing a task in the operating room and later watching the ...operative video in a lab. We also examined gaze of video watching by surgical residents.
Methods
Data collection required two phases. Phase 1 involved recording the real-time eye gaze of expert surgeons while they were performing laparoscopic procedures in the operating room. The videos were used for phase 2. Phase 2 involved showing the recorded videos to the same expert surgeons, and while they were watching the videos (self-watching), their eye gaze was recorded. Junior residents (PGY 1-3) also were asked to watch the videos (other-watching) and their eye gaze was recorded. Dual eye-gaze similarity in self-watching was computed by the level of gaze overlay and compared with other-watching.
Results
Sixteen cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were recorded in the operating room. When experts watched the videos, there was a 55 % overlap of eye gaze; yet when novices watched, only a 43.8 % overlap (
p
< 0.001) was shown.
Conclusions
These findings show that there is a significant difference in gaze patterns between novice and expert surgeons while watching surgical videos. Expert gaze recording from the operating room can be used to make teaching videos for gaze training to expedite learning curves of novice surgeons.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•Natural and manmade in-stream structures can enhance solute retention.•Stream restoration with structures may yield water quality benefits.•Field study shows structures increase transient storage ...volume but decrease exchange.•Hydrostatic hyporheic exchange increases but hydrodynamic exchange may decrease.•Effect varies strongly with discharge, complicating evaluation of restoration benefit.
In-stream structures can potentially enhance surface and subsurface solute retention. They form naturally in small streams and their installation has gained popularity in stream restoration for multiple purposes, including improved water quality. Yet few studies have quantified the cumulative effect of multiple structures on solute transport at the reach scale, nor how this varies with changing stream flow. We built a series of weirs in a small stream to simulate channel spanning structures such as natural debris dams and stream restoration log dams and boulder weirs. We conducted constant rate conservative (NaCl) tracer injections to quantify the effect of the weirs on solute transport at the reach scale. We used a one dimensional solute transport model with transient storage to quantify the change of solute transport parameters with increasing number of weirs. Results indicate that adding weirs significantly increased the cross-sectional area of the surface stream (A) and transient storage zones (As) while exchange with transient storage (α) decreased. The increase in A and As is due to backwater behind weirs and increased hydrostatically driven hyporheic exchange induced by the weirs, while we surmise that the reduction in α is due at least in part to reduced hydrodynamically driven hyporheic exchange in bed ripples drowned by the weir backwater. In order for weir installation to achieve net improvement in solute retention and thus water quality, cumulative reactions in weir backwater and enhanced hydrostatically driven hyporheic exchange would have to overcome the reduced hydrodynamically driven exchange. Analysis of channel flow variation over the course of the experiments indicated that weirs change the relationship between transient storage parameters and flow, for example the trend of increasing α with flow without weirs was reversed in the presence of weirs. Effects of flow variation were substantial, indicating that transient storage measurements at a single point in time typically cannot be extrapolated to estimate net annual effects. Thus, rigorous evaluation of water quality effects of stream restoration structures requires measurements at multiple channel flow rates.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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