Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) surveillance is an essential part of any infection prevention and control programme. Repeated point prevalence surveys (PPSs) according to European Centre for ...Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) protocol have been implemented in all Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) region (Italy) acute hospitals to reduce and control HAIs.
Using the repeated PPSs within a regional-healthcare system (RHS) to promote and evaluate infection prevention and control (IPC) programmes.
The standard versions of the ECDC PPS protocols were used in all four surveys (2011, 2013, 2015, 2017). All RHS public and private accredited hospitals were involved within the ‘safe care network’ programme.
The numbers of surveyed patients in the four PPSs were 3172, 3253, 2969 and 3036, respectively. Prevalence of HAIs and antimicrobial use (AU) decreased significantly from 2011: HAIs (P<0.05) 7.1%, 6.3%, 5.5%, 5.8% and AU (P<0.01) 40.4%, 39.2%, 36.0%, 37.2%, respectively. The appropriateness of duration of surgical prophylaxis increased significantly (<24 h increased through surveys related to one in 2011: odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29, 0.92–1.81; 1.95, 1.31–2.91; 1.78, 1.20–2.64, respectively). The most frequently detected HAIs were: bloodstream, urinary tract, pneumonia and surgical site (more than the 70% of HAIs in each PPS).
The FVG regional approach to HAIs and AU surveillance was able to contribute to reduce prevalence over a 7-year period. Furthermore, it was able to keep hospital attention on HAIs and AU through the years and to guarantee a standardized and comparable evaluation of HAIs and AU burden in all RHS hospitals, as well as impacting on HAIs and AU regional programmes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Vestibular control of standing balance is represented in toe abductor activity.•Vestibulomyogenic responses can be characterized over 0–20 Hz in the intrinsic foot.•Toe abductors respond to a ...vestibular error directed anterior-posteriorly.•Removal of vision increased the vestibular-evoked response at lower frequencies.•Intrinsic foot muscles provide an active postural role to standing balance control.
Maintaining standing balance involves multisensory processing and integration to produce dynamic motor responses. Electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) delivered over the mastoid processes can be used to explore the vestibular control of balance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intrinsic foot muscles exhibit vestibular-evoked balance responses and to characterize the traits associated with these responses. Electromyography (EMG) of the abductor hallucis (AH), abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) and anterior–posterior (AP) forces were sampled while quietly standing participants were subjected to a random continuous EVS signal (peak-to-peak amplitude = ±3 mA). The relationship between EVS input and motor output was characterized in both the frequency (coherence) and time (cumulant density) domains. When head orientation was rotated in yaw from left to right, the biphasic cumulant density function was inverted for all muscle (EVS–EMG) and whole-body (EVS–AP forces) balance responses. When vision was occluded, the EVS–EMG and EVS–AP forces coherence function amplitude increased at low frequencies (<2 Hz) and was accompanied by a heightened medium-latency peak amplitude for all muscles as well as the whole-body balance response (AP forces) compared to when static visual cues were present. The enhanced coherence amplitudes at lower frequencies may highlight a mechanism for the increase in postural sway from vision to occluded vision. The current findings indicate that the vestibular control of standing balance can be represented by the intrinsic foot muscles and implicate a postural role for these muscles in modulating quiet standing.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Abstract
Beach abrasion and erosion are problems that many beaches in Indonesia experience. Waves are the most influential processes in this phenomenon. When the waves move towards the coast, they ...will transform, generating currents near the coast. Currents moving along the coast displace sediment on the beach, causing changes in the shoreline. So it is necessary to carry out coastal protection efforts so that abrasion does not occur, which results in the erosion of coastal areas so that the island’s area is reduced and the coastline retreats. To overcome this problem, one of the supporting facilities is a submerged breakwater. In this paper, researchers will numerically study the effect of particle size on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) when waves pass through a submerged breakwater structure. The simulation is carried out on a Numerical Wave Tank (NWT), the piston is at the end of the tank, and the structure of the submerged breakwater is set according to the experimental scenario. The distance between the particles varied from 0.03, 0.025, 0.02, 0.015, and 0.01. The results show that the smaller the distance between the particles used, the wave elevation results are closer to the experimental model.
