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•OSA-rice starch Pickering emulsions containing Resveratrol were prepared.•Stable Pickering emulsions with internal volume fraction up to 50% were prepared.•Orange oil was used as ...resveratrol carrier in the oily phase.•Stable emulsions with 30% of orange oil on the dispersed phase were prepared.•OSA-rice starch Pickering emulsions contained 8.45 mg/L of resveratrol (90% EE)
Resveratrol is a photosensitive, bioactive molecule which has received increasing research interest during the past decade for its antioxidant properties. However, it has low solubility in water or common triglyceride oils. Resveratrol solubilization in oil can only be achieved in essential oils, such as flavour oils, but the stability of emulsions produced with this type of oils is low as they are prone to creaming phenomena and Oswald ripening.
In this study, resveratrol was first dissolved in orange oil which was mixed into a medium-chain triglyceride (Miglyol) at different ratios and used as the internal phase of oil-in-water emulsions (O/W). The emulsions were stabilized by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified rice starch granules using two different ratios of starch particle:oil to study the influence of interfacial coverage on the final emulsion droplet size and emulsion stability.
The results of this study indicated that stable Pickering emulsions could be prepared using OSA-modified rice starch granules even at partial coverage conditions. Emulsions prepared at an oil fraction of 0.5 using 30% v/v mixture of orange oil in Miglyol as the dispersed phase seemed to be an appropriate resveratrol carrier system, obtaining encapsulation efficiency values close to 90% which results in emulsions with a resveratrol concentration of 8.45 mg/L. Hence, the emulsions prepared are suitable for food fortification applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper presents a study of the optical performance of window systems with embedded water layers, here called water-based windows (WBWs). Spectrophotometer measurements were performed on four WBWs ...prototypes, in addition to a single and double-glazed window. A numerical model was also developed to calculate the optical performance of multilayer WBWs, which was validated by laboratory measurement results. Furthermore, a parametric performance assessment of multilayer WBWs is caried out for windows using only clear glazing and layers of water and air. The results corroborate previous studies that the use of water in glazing ensures higher visible light transmittance (Tvis) values while it reduces solar transmittance (Tsol) rates compared to the same glazing without water. Increasing the thickness of a water layer in a WBW does not interfere in Tvis values, but decreases direct solar gain. Increasing the number of “glass-water” interfaces on a WBW has little impact on its optical performance. On the other hand, more interfaces of “glass-air” increases the glazing reflectance and reduces both Tsol and Tvis values. Therefore, different combinations of air, water and glass layers in a WBW can result in very different optical performance results. Last but not least, the optical performance of WBWs when varying the angle of solar incidence (aoi) showed the same pattern compared to single or multi-glazing with air.
•Combing water layers and air gaps increases the spectral selectivity of glazing.•An optical numerical model for simulation of glazing with water is presented.•Multilayer windows with water increase light transmission.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, affecting around 8 million people worldwide. After host cell invasion, the infective trypomastigote form remains 2-4 hours inside acidic ...phagolysosomes to differentiate into replicative amastigote form. In vitro acidic-pH-induced axenic amastigogenesis was used here to study this step of the parasite life cycle. After three hours of trypomastigote incubation in amastigogenesis promoting acidic medium (pH 5.0) or control physiological pH (7.4) medium samples were subjected to three rounds of centrifugation followed by ultrafiltration of the supernatants. The resulting exoproteome samples were trypsin digested and analysed by nano flow liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Computational protein identification searches yielded 271 and 483 protein groups in the exoproteome at pH 7.4 and pH 5.0, respectively, with 180 common proteins between both conditions. The total amount and diversity of proteins released by parasites almost doubled upon acidic incubation compared to control. Overall, 76.5% of proteins were predicted to be secreted by classical or non-classical pathways and 35.1% of these proteins have predicted transmembrane domains. Classical secretory pathway analysis showed an increased number of mucins and mucin-associated surface proteins after acidic incubation. However, the number of released trans-sialidases and surface GP63 peptidases was higher at pH 7.4. Trans-sialidases and mucins are anchored to the membrane and exhibit an enzyme-substrate relationship. In general, mucins are glycoproteins with immunomodulatory functions in Chagas disease, present mainly in the epimastigote and trypomastigote surfaces and could be enzymatically cleaved and released in the phagolysosome during amastigogenesis. Moreover, evidence for flagella discard during amastigogenesis are addressed. This study provides the first comparative analysis of the exoproteome during amastigogenesis, and the presented data evidence the dynamism of its profile in response to acidic pH-induced differentiation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Rice and quinoa starch were esterified by short-chain fatty acids.•Increasing starch concentration led to reduced emulsion droplets size.•Increasing modification level and chain length improved ...emulsifying capacity.•SCFA-quinoa starch emulsions had better stability than rice over 50 days storage.
Acetylated, propionylated and butyrylated rice and quinoa starches at different levels of modification and starch concentrations, were used to stabilize oil-in-water starch Pickering emulsions at 10% oil fraction. Short-chain fatty acid modified starch Pickering emulsions (SPEs) were characterized after emulsification and after 50 days of storage. The particle size distribution, microstructure, emulsion index, and stability were evaluated. An increase in starch concentration led to a decrease of emulsion droplet sizes. Quinoa starch has shown the capability of stabilizing Pickering emulsions in both the native and modified forms. The emulsifying capacity of SPEs was improved by increasing the chain length of SCFA. Modified quinoa starch with higher chain lengths (i.e. propionylated and butyrylated), at higher levels of modification, showed higher emulsion index (>71%) and stability over the entire 50 days storage. At optimized formulation, SCFA-starch particles have the potential in stabilizing emulsions for functional foods, pharmaceutical formulations, or industrial food applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The World Health Organisation recommends governments to consider the use of fiscal policies to promote healthy eating. However, there is very limited evidence of the effect of food taxation in a ...real-life setting, as most evidence is based on simulation studies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the Danish tax on saturated fat in terms of changes in nutritional quality of the diet, that is, changes in saturated fat consumption, as well as other non-targeted dietary measures, and to model the associated changes in mortality for different age groups and genders.
On the basis of household scanner data, we estimate the impact of the tax on consumption of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, salt, fruit, vegetables and fibre. The resultant changes in dietary quality are then used as inputs into a comparative risk assessment model (PRIME (Preventable Risk Integrated ModEl)) to estimate the effect of these changes on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mortality.
The tax resulted in a 4.0% reduction in saturated fat intake. Vegetable consumption increased, and salt consumption increased for most individuals, except younger females. We find a modelled reduction in mortality with 123 lives saved annually, 76 of them below 75 years equal to 0.4% of all deaths from NCDs.
Modelling the effect of the changes in diet on health outcomes suggests that the saturated fat tax made a positive, but minor, contribution to public health in Denmark.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
Resveratrol is a natural phenol with many positive effects for human health. However it is a photosensitive molecule with geometric isomerism, easily oxidised with short biological half-life and ...rapid metabolism and elimination. Thus, encapsulation of resveratrol is necessary. It has low solubility in water and in most of common oils. The goal of this work was to prepare oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by quinoa starch particles containing resveratrol. Quinoa starch particles were modified with Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA) (degree of substitution 1.8%) to make them less hydrophilic. In order to compare starch effectivity as stabilizer, a common non-ionic surfactant Tween 20 was used to formulate surfactant stabilized emulsions. As dispersed phase a mixture of miglyol and orange oil in a volume ratio 1:9 was used in order to increase resveratrol solubility in the oily phase. Both types of emulsions were formulated in full coverage conditions with similar mean droplet size. Thus, differences in the emulsions properties observed only depend on the type of emulsifier.
Pickering emulsions stabilized by OSA-modified quinoa starch granules resulted more stable against creaming phenomena. The rheological behaviour was influenced by the type and the amount of dispersed phase used. Resveratrol encapsulation results revealed that formulations based on starch Pickering emulsions are an appropriate resveratrol carrier system for further use in functional food formulations, better than surfactant stabilized emulsions, leading to encapsulation efficiency (EE) values up to 98%, being more than twice that of the surfactant stabilized systems.
•Formulation of OSA-modified starch Pickering emulsions containing Resveratrol.•Comparison of emulsions stabilized with surfactant and particles.•Rheological properties of emulsion stabilized by solid particles.•Stability study combining Miglyol 812 and Orange oil as dispersed phase.•Pickering emulsions led to Resveratrol EE values in the range 89.9–98.3%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Food is responsible for around one-fifth of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from products consumed in the UK, the largest contributor of which is meat and dairy. The Committee on Climate Change ...have modelled the impact on GHG emissions of three dietary scenarios for food consumption in the UK. This paper models the impact of the three scenarios on mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer.
A previously published model (DIETRON) was used. The three scenarios were parameterised by fruit and vegetables, fibre, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol and salt using the 2008 Family Food Survey. A Monte Carlo simulation generated 95% credible intervals.
Scenario 1 (50% reduction in meat and dairy replaced by fruit, vegetables and cereals: 19% reduction in GHG emissions) resulted in 36,910 (30,192 to 43,592) deaths delayed or averted per year. Scenario 2 (75% reduction in cow and sheep meat replaced by pigs and poultry: 9% reduction in GHG emissions) resulted in 1999 (1739 to 2389) deaths delayed or averted. Scenario 3 (50% reduction in pigs and poultry replaced with fruit, vegetables and cereals: 3% reduction in GHG emissions) resulted in 9297 (7288 to 11,301) deaths delayed or averted.
Modelled results suggest that public health and climate change dietary goals are in broad alignment with the largest results in both domains occurring when consumption of all meat and dairy products are reduced. Further work in real-life settings is needed to confirm these results.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that represent a target for insecticides. Peptide neurotoxins are known to block nAChRs by binding to their target subunits, ...however, a better understanding of this mechanism is needed for effective insecticide design. To facilitate the analysis of nAChRs we used a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy to generate null alleles for all ten
subunit genes in a common genetic background. We studied interactions of nAChR subunits with peptide neurotoxins by larval injections and styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) pull-down assays. For the null alleles, we determined the effects of α-Bungarotoxin (α-Btx) and ω-Hexatoxin-Hv1a (Hv1a) administration, identifying potential receptor subunits implicated in the binding of these toxins. We employed pull-down assays to confirm α-Btx interactions with the
α5 (D
5), Dα6, D
7 subunits. Finally, we report the localisation of fluorescent tagged endogenous Dα6 during
CNS development. Taken together, this study elucidates native
nAChR subunit interactions with insecticidal peptide toxins and provides a resource for the in vivo analysis of insect nAChRs.
The high prevalence of childhood obesity has led to questions about the influence of ‘obesogenic’ environments on children's health. Public health interventions targeting the retail food environment ...around schools have been proposed, but it is unclear if they are evidence based. This systematic review investigates associations between food outlets near schools and children's food purchases, consumption and body weight. We conducted a keyword search in 10 databases. Inclusion criteria required papers to be peer reviewed, to measure retailing around schools and to measure obesity‐related outcomes among schoolchildren. Thirty papers were included. This review found very little evidence for an effect of the retail food environment surrounding schools on food purchases and consumption, but some evidence of an effect on body weight. Given the general lack of evidence for association with the mediating variables of food purchases and consumption, and the observational nature of the included studies, it is possible that the effect on body weight is a result of residual confounding. Most of the included studies did not consider individual children's journeys through the food environment, suggesting that predominant exposure measures may not account for what individual children actually experience. These findings suggest that future interventions targeting the food environment around schools need careful evaluation.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
T2K reports its first results in the search for CP violation in neutrino oscillations using appearance and disappearance channels for neutrino- and antineutrino-mode beams. The data include all runs ...from January 2010 to May 2016 and comprise 7.482×10^{20} protons on target in neutrino mode, which yielded in the far detector 32 e-like and 135 μ-like events, and 7.471×10^{20} protons on target in antineutrino mode, which yielded 4 e-like and 66 μ-like events. Reactor measurements of sin^{2}2θ_{13} have been used as an additional constraint. The one-dimensional confidence interval at 90% for the phase δ_{CP} spans the range (-3.13, -0.39) for normal mass ordering. The CP conservation hypothesis (δ_{CP}=0, π) is excluded at 90% C.L.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
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