Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC)-mediated remyelination declines with ageing. We have determined the proteome of neonatal, young and aged rat OPCs using quantitative MS-proteomics. We identify ...increases in myelin proteins as well as changes in inflammation, cholesterol biosynthesis and protein homeostasis pathways in OPCs with ageing. These data provide a resource to study age-associated changes in OPCs that may contribute to the age-related decrease in oligodendrogliogenesis.
Display omitted
Highlights
•Quantitative proteome of neonatal, young, and aged OPCs.•50% of the proteome is differentially expressed between neonatal and adult OPCs.•Myelin proteins are increased, and cholesterol synthesis proteins decreased with age.•Proteins associated with other neurodegenerative diseases are increased in aged OPCs.
Following central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) can differentiate into new myelin-forming oligodendrocytes in a regenerative process called remyelination. Although remyelination is very efficient in young adults, its efficiency declines progressively with ageing. Here we performed proteomic analysis of OPCs freshly isolated from the brains of neonate, young and aged female rats. Approximately 50% of the proteins are expressed at different levels in OPCs from neonates compared with their adult counterparts. The amount of myelin-associated proteins, and proteins associated with oxidative phosphorylation, inflammatory responses and actin cytoskeletal organization increased with age, whereas cholesterol-biosynthesis, transcription factors and cell cycle proteins decreased. Our experiments provide the first ageing OPC proteome, revealing the distinct features of OPCs at different ages. These studies provide new insights into why remyelination efficiency declines with ageing and potential roles for aged OPCs in other neurodegenerative diseases.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
Government action is essential to increase the healthiness of food environments and reduce obesity, diet‐related non‐communicable diseases (NCDs), and their related inequalities. This paper ...proposes a monitoring framework to assess government policies and actions for creating healthy food environments. Recommendations from relevant authoritative organizations and expert advisory groups for reducing obesity and NCDs were examined, and pertinent components were incorporated into a comprehensive framework for monitoring government policies and actions. A Government Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food‐EPI) was developed, which comprises a ‘policy’ component with seven domains on specific aspects of food environments, and an ‘infrastructure support’ component with seven domains to strengthen systems to prevent obesity and NCDs. These were revised through a week‐long consultation process with international experts. Examples of good practice statements are proposed within each domain, and these will evolve into benchmarks established by governments at the forefront of creating and implementing food policies for good health. A rating process is proposed to assess a government's level of policy implementation towards good practice. The Food‐EPI will be pre‐tested and piloted in countries of varying size and income levels. The benchmarking of government policy implementation has the potential to catalyse greater action to reduce obesity and NCDs.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•Emulsifying capacity correlated with starch type and modification level.•Emulsion stability was highest for quinoa followed by rice and then amaranth.•Emulsifying capacity correlated with the ...protein content of the starch granules.•Increasing modification level improved the performance of low protein starches.•All emulsions with quinoa starch granules had superior gravitational stability.
Small granular starches from rice, quinoa, and amaranth were modified with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) at 5 defined intervals (0–3.0%) and investigated with respect to emulsifying capacity and stability. Starch granule surfaces were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and contact angle measurements. Emulsifying capacity was characterized by multiple light scattering (MLS) and particle size analysis. Stability towards environmental stress was characterized by centrifugation and MLS.
Surface hydrophobicity and emulsifying capacity correlated with starch type and modification level. Quinoa stabilized emulsions had the smallest droplet size (e.g. 59.2 μm at 3.0% OSA) and superior stability, both before and after centrifugation, especially at the lowest modification levels. Rice and amaranth had larger droplets (99.8 and 84.1 μm at 3.0% OSA respectively). Amaranth, despite its small size showed poorer performance than quinoa, especially at lower modification levels. The higher emulsifying efficiency of quinoa starch granules attributed to the higher protein content.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Front-of-pack ‘traffic-light’ nutrition labelling has been widely proposed as a tool to improve public health nutrition. This study examined changes to consumer food purchases after the introduction ...of traffic-light labels with the aim of assessing the impact of the labels on the ‘healthiness’ of foods purchased. The study examined sales data from a major UK retailer in 2007. We analysed products in two categories (‘ready meals’ and sandwiches), investigating the percentage change in sales 4 weeks before and after traffic-light labels were introduced, and taking into account seasonality, product promotions and product life-cycle. We investigated whether changes in sales were related to the healthiness of products. All products that were not new and not on promotion immediately before or after the introduction of traffic-light labels were selected for the analysis (n = 6 for ready meals and n = 12 for sandwiches). For the selected ready-meals, sales increased (by 2.4% of category sales) in the 4 weeks after the introduction of traffic-light labels, whereas sales of the selected sandwiches did not change significantly. Critically, there was no association between changes in product sales and the healthiness of the products. This short-term study based on a small number of ready meals and sandwiches found that the introduction of a system of four traffic-light labels had no discernable effect on the relative healthiness of consumer purchases. Further research on the influence of nutrition signposting will be needed before this labelling format can be considered a promising public health intervention.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Linearly polarized femtosecond light pulses, focused inside fused silica to an intensity that leads to multiphoton ionization, produce arrayed planes of modified material having their normal parallel ...to the laser polarization. The planes are < or = 10 nm thick and are spaced at approximately lambda/2 in the medium for free space wavelengths of both 800 and 400 nm. By slowly scanning the sample under a fixed laser focus, order is maintained over macroscopic distances for all angles between the polarization and scan direction. With the laser polarization parallel to the scan direction we produce long-range Bragg-like gratings. We discuss how local field enhancement influences dielectric ionization, describe how this leads to nanoplane growth, why the planes are arrayed, and how long-range order is maintained.
Full text
Available for:
CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
Healthy nerve function provides humans with the control of movement; sensation (such as pain, touch and temperature) and the quality of skin, hair and nails. Injury to this complex system creates a ...deficit in function, which is slow to recover, and rarely, if ever, returns to what patients consider to be normal.
Despite promising results in pre-clinical animal experimentation effective translation is challenged by a current inability to quantify nerve regeneration in human subjects and relate this to measurable and responsible clinical outcomes.
In animal models, muscle and nerve tissue samples can be harvested following experimental intervention. This allows direct quantification of muscle mass and quality and quantity of regeneration of axons; such an approach is not applicable in human medicine as it would ensure a significant functional deficit. Nevertheless a greater understanding of this process would allow the relationship that exists between neural and neuromuscular regeneration and functional outcome to be more clearly understood. This article presents a combined commentary of current practice from a specialist clinical unit and research team with regard to laboratory and clinical quantification of nerve regeneration. We highlight how electrophysiological diagnostic methods (which are used with significant recognised limitations in the assessment of clinical medicine) can potentially be used with more validity to interpret and assess the processes of neural regeneration in the clinical context, thus throwing light on the factors at play in translating lab advances into the clinic.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The canonical molecular machinery required for global mRNA translation and its control has been well defined, with distinct sets of proteins involved in the processes of translation initiation, ...elongation and termination. Additionally, noncanonical, trans‐acting regulatory RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) are necessary to provide mRNA‐specific translation, and these interact with 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and coding regions of mRNA to regulate ribosome recruitment and transit. Recently it has also been demonstrated that trans‐acting ribosomal proteins direct the translation of specific mRNAs. Importantly, it has been shown that subsets of RBPs often work in concert, forming distinct regulatory complexes upon different cellular perturbation, creating an RBP combinatorial code, which through the translation of specific subsets of mRNAs, dictate cell fate. With the development of new methodologies, a plethora of novel RNA binding proteins have recently been identified, although the function of many of these proteins within mRNA translation is unknown. In this review we will discuss these methodologies and their shortcomings when applied to the study of translation, which need to be addressed to enable a better understanding of trans‐acting translational regulatory proteins. Moreover, we discuss the protein domains that are responsible for RNA binding as well as the RNA motifs to which they bind, and the role of trans‐acting ribosomal proteins in directing the translation of specific mRNAs.
This article is categorized under:
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
Translation > Translation Regulation
Translation > Translation Mechanisms
Trans‐acting RNA binding proteins (RBPs) regulate mRNA translation by interacting with sequence elements in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. These RBPs can control recruitment of the mRNAs to the ribosome and regulate the rate of protein synthesis or alternatively, repress mRNA translation through regulating mRNA instability/degradation.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The present study was carried out to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma harzianum (ALL 42-isolated from Brazilian Cerrado soil) to promote common bean growth and to modulate its metabolism and ...defense response in the presence or absence of the phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani using a proteomic approach. T. harzianum was able to promote common bean plants growth as shown by the increase in root/foliar areas and by size in comparison to plants grown in its absence. The interaction was shown to modulate the expression of defense-related genes (Glu1, pod3 and lox1) in roots of P. vulgaris. Proteomic maps constructed using roots and leaves of plants challenged or unchallenged by T. harzianum and phytopathogenic fungi showed differences. Reference gels presented differences in spot distribution (absence/presence) and relative volumes of common spots (up or down-regulation). Differential spots were identified by peptide fingerprinting MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A total of 48 identified spots (19 for leaves and 29 for roots) were grouped into protein functional classes. For leaves, 33%, 22% and 11% of the identified proteins were categorized as pertaining to the groups: metabolism, defense response and oxidative stress response, respectively. For roots, 17.2%, 24.1% and 10.3% of the identified proteins were categorized as pertaining to the groups: metabolism, defense response and oxidative stress response, respectively.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) dominate disease burdens globally and poor nutrition increasingly contributes to this global burden. Comprehensive monitoring of food environments, and ...evaluation of the impact of public and private sector policies on food environments is needed to strengthen accountability systems to reduce NCDs. The International Network for Food and Obesity/NCDs Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) is a global network of public‐interest organizations and researchers that aims to monitor, benchmark and support public and private sector actions to create healthy food environments and reduce obesity, NCDs and their related inequalities. The INFORMAS framework includes two ‘process’ modules, that monitor the policies and actions of the public and private sectors, seven ‘impact’ modules that monitor the key characteristics of food environments and three ‘outcome’ modules that monitor dietary quality, risk factors and NCD morbidity and mortality. Monitoring frameworks and indicators have been developed for 10 modules to provide consistency, but allowing for stepwise approaches (‘minimal’, ‘expanded’, ‘optimal’) to data collection and analysis. INFORMAS data will enable benchmarking of food environments between countries, and monitoring of progress over time within countries. Through monitoring and benchmarking, INFORMAS will strengthen the accountability systems needed to help reduce the burden of obesity, NCDs and their related inequalities.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this review is to demonstrate, using examples developed in our own laboratories, that carbon dioxide has real potential in synthetic organic process chemistry. As well as potential ...environmental benefits, it offers opportunities for enhanced diastereo- and enantioselectivity compared to processes in conventional solvents. Fine control of reagent and product solubilities can lead to selective product separation and novel CO2-induced reactions. Pd-mediated cross-coupling reactions in scCO2 can give increased yields and selectivities, especially in the presence of usually incompatible functionality such as amines, which are protected in situ by reaction with CO2. Useful reactions can also be carried out at subcritical pressures utilising either the Lewis acidity of CO2 or the Brønsted acidity of carbonic acid formed in aqueous solutions under an atmosphere of CO2. Finally, product processing (extraction, chromatography, crystallisation) can also be carried out using CO2 without significant amounts of conventional solvents. We believe that the principles demonstrated here can be applied to a wide variety of procedures of relevance to organic process chemistry, and that the use of scCO2 as a solvent, whilst currently in its infancy in this area, will be of increasing importance in the future.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
PDF
