We use F-theory to derive a general expression for the flux potential of type II compactifications with D7/D3 branes, including open string moduli and 2-form fluxes on the branes. Our main example is ...F-theory on
K
3
×
K
3
and its orientifold limit
T
2
/
Z
2
×
K
3
. The full scalar potential cannot be derived from the bulk superpotential
W
=
∫
Ω
∧
G
3
and generically destabilizes the orientifold. Generically all open and closed string moduli are fixed, except for a volume factor. An alternative formulation of the problem in terms of the effective supergravity is given and we construct an explicit map between the F-theory fluxes and gaugings. We use the superpotential to compute the effective action for flux compactifications on orbifolds, including the
μ-term and soft-breaking terms on the D7-brane world-volume.
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We report the discovery of a second planet orbiting the K giant star 7 CMa based on 166 high-precision radial velocities obtained with Lick, HARPS, UCLES, and SONG. The periodogram analysis reveals ...two periodic signals of approximately 745 and 980 d, associated with planetary companions. A double-Keplerian orbital fit of the data reveals two Jupiter-like planets with minimum masses mb sini ~ 1.9 MJ and mc sini ~ 0.9 MJ, orbiting at semimajor axes of ab ~ 1.75 au and ac ~ 2.15 au, respectively. Given the small orbital separation and the large minimum masses of the planets, close encounters may occur within the time baseline of the observations; thus, a more accurate N-body dynamical modeling of the available data is performed. The dynamical best-fit solution leads to collision of the planets and we explore the long-term stable configuration of the system in a Bayesian framework, confirming that 13% of the posterior samples are stable for at least 10 Myr. The result from the stability analysis indicates that the two planets are trapped in a low-eccentricity 4:3 mean motion resonance. This is only the third discovered system to be inside a 4:3 resonance, making this discovery very valuable for planet formation and orbital evolution models.
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Context. The CARMENES survey is a high-precision radial velocity (RV) programme that aims to detect Earth-like planets orbiting low-mass stars. Aims. We develop least-squares fitting algorithms to ...derive the RVs and additional spectral diagnostics implemented in the SpEctrum Radial Velocity AnaLyser (SERVAL), a publicly available python code. Methods. We measured the RVs using high signal-to-noise templates created by coadding all available spectra of each star. We define the chromatic index as the RV gradient as a function of wavelength with the RVs measured in the echelle orders. Additionally, we computed the differential line width by correlating the fit residuals with the second derivative of the template to track variations in the stellar line width. Results. Using HARPS data, our SERVAL code achieves a RV precision at the level of 1 m/s. Applying the chromatic index to CARMENES data of the active star YZ CMi, we identify apparent RV variations induced by stellar activity. The differential line width is found to be an alternative indicator to the commonly used full width half maximum. Conclusions. We find that at the red optical wavelengths (700–900 nm) obtained by the visual channel of CARMENES, the chromatic index is an excellent tool to investigate stellar active regions and to identify and perhaps even correct for activity-induced RV variations.
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Context. Previous simulations predicted the activity-induced radial-velocity (RV) variations of M dwarfs to range from ~1 cm s−1 to ~1 km s−1, depending on various stellar and activity parameters. ...Aims. We investigate the observed relations between RVs, stellar activity, and stellar parameters of M dwarfs by analyzing CARMENES high-resolution visual-channel spectra (0.5–1μm), which were taken within the CARMENES RV planet survey during its first 20 months of operation. Methods. During this time, 287 of the CARMENES-sample stars were observed at least five times. From each spectrum we derived a relative RV and a measure of chromospheric Hα emission. In addition, we estimated the chromatic index (CRX) of each spectrum, which is a measure of the RV wavelength dependence. Results. Despite having a median number of only 11 measurements per star, we show that the RV variations of the stars with RV scatter of >10 m s−1 and a projected rotation velocity v sin i > 2 km s−1 are caused mainly by activity. We name these stars “active RV-loud stars” and find their occurrence to increase with spectral type: from ~3% for early-type M dwarfs (M0.0–2.5 V) through ~30% for mid-type M dwarfs (M3.0–5.5 V) to >50% for late-type M dwarfs (M6.0–9.0 V). Their RV-scatter amplitude is found to be correlated mainly with v sin i. For about half of the stars, we also find a linear RV–CRX anticorrelation, which indicates that their activity-induced RV scatter is lower at longer wavelengths. For most of them we can exclude a linear correlation between RV and Hα emission. Conclusions. Our results are in agreement with simulated activity-induced RV variations in M dwarfs. The RV variations of most active RV-loud M dwarfs are likely to be caused by dark spots on their surfaces, which move in and out of view as the stars rotate.
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The very young brown dwarf candidate Cha Hα 8 was recently discovered to have a close (~1 AU) companion by means of radial velocity monitoring. We present additional radial velocity data obtained ...with UVES/VLT between 2007 and 2010, which significantly improve the orbit determination of the system. The combined data set spans ten years of radial velocity monitoring for Cha Hα 8. A Kepler fit to the data yields an orbital period of 5.2 years, an eccentricity of e = 0.59, and a radial velocity semi-amplitude of 2.4 km s-1. A companion mass M2 sin i (which is a lower limit due to the unknown orbital inclination i) of 25 ± 7 $M_\mathrm{Jup}$ and of 31 ± 8 $M_\mathrm{Jup}$ is derived when using model-dependent mass estimates for the primary of 0.07 $M_{\odot}$ and 0.10 $M_{\odot}$, respectively. Assuming random orientation of orbits in space, we find a very high probability that the companion of Cha Hα 8 is of substellar nature: With a greater than 50% probability (i ≥ 60$^{\circ}$), the companion mass is between 30 and 35 $M_\mathrm{Jup}$ and the mass ratio M2/M1 smaller than 0.4; with a greater than 87% probability (i ≥ 30$^{\circ}$) the companion mass is between 30 and 69 $M_\mathrm{Jup}$ and the mass ratio smaller than 0.7. The absence of any evidence of the companion in the cross-correlation function together with the size of the radial velocity amplitude also indicate a mass ratio of at most 0.7, and likely smaller. Furthermore, the new data exclude the possibility that the companion has a mass in the planetary regime (≤13 $M_\mathrm{Jup}$). We show that the companion contributes significantly to the total luminosity of the system: model-dependent estimates provide a minimum for the luminosity ratio L2/L1 of 0.2. Cha Hα 8 is the fourth known spectroscopic brown dwarf or very low-mass stellar binary with determined orbital parameters, and the second known very young one. With an age of only about 3 Myr, it is of particular interest to very low-mass formation and evolution theories. In contrast to most other spectroscopic binaries, it has a relatively long orbital period and it might be possible to determine the astrometric orbit of the primary and, thus, the orbital inclination.
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We announce the discovery of two planets orbiting the M dwarfs GJ 251 (0.360 ± 0.015M⊙) and HD 238090 (0.578 ± 0.021M⊙) based on CARMENES radial velocity (RV) data. In addition, we independently ...confirm with CARMENES data the existence of Lalande 21185 b, a planet that has recently been discovered with the SOPHIE spectrograph. All three planets belong to the class of warm or temperate super-Earths and share similar properties. The orbital periods are 14.24 d, 13.67 d, and 12.95 d and the minimum masses are 4.0 ± 0.4 M⊕, 6.9 ± 0.9 M⊕, and 2.7 ± 0.3 M⊕ for GJ 251 b, HD 238090 b, and Lalande 21185 b, respectively. Based on the orbital and stellar properties, we estimate equilibrium temperatures of 351.0 ± 1.4 K for GJ 251 b, 469.6 ± 2.6 K for HD 238090 b, and 370.1 ± 6.8 K for Lalande 21185 b. For the latter we resolve the daily aliases that were present in the SOPHIE data and that hindered an unambiguous determination of the orbital period. We find no significant signals in any of our spectral activity indicators at the planetary periods. The RV observations were accompanied by contemporaneous photometric observations. We derive stellar rotation periods of 122.1 ± 2.2 d and 96.7 ± 3.7 d for GJ 251 and HD 238090, respectively. The RV data of all three stars exhibit significant signals at the rotational period or its first harmonic. For GJ 251 and Lalande 21185, we also find long-period signals around 600 d, and 2900 d, respectively, which we tentatively attribute to long-term magnetic cycles. We apply a Bayesian approach to carefully model the Keplerian signals simultaneously with the stellar activity using Gaussian process regression models and extensively search for additional significant planetary signals hidden behind the stellar activity. Current planet formation theories suggest that the three systems represent a common architecture, consistent with formation following the core accretion paradigm.
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Context. Brown dwarf companions to stars at separations of a few AU or less are rare objects, and none have been found so far around early-type M dwarfs (M 0V-M 5V). With GJ 1046 (M 2.5V), a strong ...candidate for such a system with a separation of $0.42~\mathrm{AU}$ is presented. Aims. We aim at constraining the mass of the companion in order to decide whether it is a brown dwarf or a low-mass star. Methods. We employed precision RV measurements to determine the orbital parameters and the minimum companion mass. We then derived an upper limit to the companion mass from the lack of disturbances of the RV measurements by a secondary spectrum. An even tighter upper limit is subsequently established by combining the RV-derived orbital parameters with the recent new version of the Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometric Data. Results. For the mass of the companion, we derive $m \ge 26.9~{M}_\mathrm{Jup}$ from the RV data. Based on the RV data alone, the probability that the companion exceeds the stellar mass threshold is just $6.2\% $. The absence of effects from the secondary spectrum lets us constrain the companion mass to $m \le 229~{M}_\mathrm{Jup}$. The combination of RV and Hipparcos data yields a $3\sigma $ upper mass limit to the companion mass of $112~{M}_\mathrm{Jup}$ with a formal optimum value at $m=47.2~{M}_\mathrm{Jup}$. From the combination of RV and astrometric data, the chance probability that the companion is a star is $2.9\% $. Conclusions. We have found a low-mass, close companion to an early-type M dwarf. While the most likely interpretation of this object is that it is a brown dwarf, a low-mass stellar companion is not fully excluded.
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Three planets around HD 27894 Trifonov, T.; Kürster, M.; Zechmeister, M. ...
Astronomy & astrophysics,
06/2017, Volume:
602
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Aims. Our new program with HARPS aims to detect mean motion resonant planetary systems around stars which were previously reported to have a single bona fide planet, often based only on sparse radial ...velocity data. Methods. Archival and new HARPS radial velocities for the K2V star HD 27894 were combined and fitted with a three-planet self-consistent dynamical model. The best-fit orbit was tested for long-term stability. Results. We find clear evidence that HD 27894 is hosting at least three massive planets. In addition to the already known Jovian planet with a period Pb≈ 18 days we discover a Saturn-mass planet with Pc≈ 36 days, likely in a 2:1 mean motion resonance with the first planet, and a cold massive planet (≈5.3 MJup) with a period Pd ≈ 5170 days on a moderately eccentric orbit (ed = 0.39). Conclusions. HD 27894 is hosting a massive, eccentric giant planet orbiting around a tightly packed inner pair of massive planets likely involved in an asymmetric 2:1 mean motion resonance. HD 27894 may be an important milestone for probing planetary formation and evolution scenarios.
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We discuss the structure of the soft supersymmetry breaking terms in a MSSM like model, which can be derived from D7-branes with chiral matter fields from 2-form
f-fluxes and supersymmetry breaking ...from 3-form
G-fluxes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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